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safety-critical systems and large documents subject to revision.
The work reported here extends this line of research. The AFP
model is a formal representation for contextualized interaction
through an interface. The model is distinctive in that it
accounts explicitly for contexts at both time-of-use and timeof-
understanding. An introduction to the discourse theory
underlying the AFP model is presented in [4]. In this paper, we
show the model’s application to the domain of commercial
aviation as part of an on-going project to study how to account
for cockpit procedures during development of systems and their
documentation for future Airbus aircraft. In particular, we are
studying the flight crew operating manual (FCOM), the
principal aircraft documentation furnished to the flightcrew by
the aircraft builder and/or the airline. Use of the model is
intended to improve the preparation and content of procedures
in FCOMs for future aircraft.
This paper will briefly introduce the model and present an
example of its application to an FCOM procedure for using the
navigation interface for an Airbus A340 aircraft. The example
will demonstraE explicit representation of both domain and
meta acts across contexts of use, thus providing a basis for
linking the contexts at design time. We thus claim that the
model’s abstraction provides basis for co-redesign of procedures
and their corresponding documentation.
2. THE MODEL
In this aviation setting, the act-function-phase model of
interaction represents and relates differences in (1) the
dialogues among the crew and a&aft on the flight-deck to
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(2) the dialogues between the author(s) of the flight crew
operating manual (FCOM) and its users. The model has three
components: acts, functions and phases.
Our presentation of the model’s components will use some
established terms from area of dialogue models and will define
a couple of new terms for extending these models to
documentation. Here are our definitions of a number of terms
from the literature that should help to make the model clearer:
An agent is something that has beliefs, processes
information and can achieve goals by interacting with other
agents. In the cockpit environment, agents include the
members of the crew and the aircraft itself.
An act is something performed by an agent, either the user
or the system, that has meaning for the recipient of the act.
A domain act involves doing something that involves the
agent’s main goals, like flying an aircraft. So the word
“domain” here means areas of real-world knowledge, goals
and accomplishment.
A meta act involves doing something that involves the
interaction itself rather than the agent’s real-world, domain
goals. Asking someone to speak more loudly is a typical
meta act. The word “meta” here means about or relating to
the interaction rather than to the underlying tasks.
A function is something’s “job” (i.e., goal-directed
activity). For example, a function of documentation is to
help users operate the documented system.
L. 1. Acts
The first component consists of dialogue acts, which are an
abstract way of characterizing interaction. Dialogue acts are an
extension of the well-known speech-acmt odel of conversation
[1,7], that combine both domain acts and meta acts [2, 3, lo].
The speech-act model captures what people “do” or achieve
when they say something. The model applies this notion of
communicative action for humans and systems to general
dialogue interaction, which is viewed as a multi-layered
composition that contains both the domain acts that
accomplish things in the world of the parties’ nominal goals
and the meta acts that accomplish things in the sphere of the
communication itself.
2.2. Functions
The second component consists of the task functions intended
to he achieved through the system and its documentation in the
FCOM. Broadly speaking, parts of the FCOM present
information about the system; these can be viewed as
constituting a function of description. Complementary parts of
the FCOM present action-oriented material such as procedures
and checklists; these can be viewed as constituting the
manual’s function of prescription.
2.3. Phases
The tbird component consists of the contexts of use. Viewing
the development and use of the FCOM as interactive processes
suggests that there are actually two distinct phases, with two
corresponding kinds of use:
1. A dialogue between system and its users, specified by the
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