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group used an analysis technique called voice
print methodology. This type of analysis involves comparing
the unidentified spoken phrases with known
speech sounds.
The individual phrases of speech were first broken
down and the frequency spectrum of each phrase was
plotted. The plots of the frequency spectrum for each
phrase were compared with other known speech samples.
The team was able to identify the pilot who spoke
the phrases because every person has their own unique
harmonic variations when they speak. A fundamental
(primary) frequency is produced when the vocal cords
vibrate. Harmonics are overtones of the fundamental
frequency.
From this analysis of plotting frequencies and harmonics,
the team was able to identify the First Officer as the
speaker during the last several minutes of the recording.
The sound spectrum group used the plots of the voice
print study to determine who was in the cockpit at the
end of the recording. After the sound of the cockpit
door opening was recorded, the team was able to identify
that the door never re-opened, and that the Captain
and First Officer were both in the cockpit.
Sound Spectrum Analysis has recently been a successful
tool to help in the investigations of aircraft accidents.
Each recorded sound from the CVR acts as a
signature, which can be compared and identified by
plotting the sounds in a spectrograph. The research of
sound spectrum analysis is fairly new to the accident
investigation process. If we knew more about the possibilities
of the damage it could detect, then the effects
of aircraft damage, such as the disintegration of TWA
Flight 800, could be explained more effectively.
The cause of TWA 800’s disintegration is still
unknown today.
HUMAN FACTORS
Introduction
According to Frank W. Hawkins, human factors is obviously
about people. It also concerns:
• People in their working and living environment
• A relationship between people and machines /
equipment / procedures
• People’s relationship with other people
The most appropriate definition of the applied technology
of Human Factors is that it is concerned with optimizing
the relationship between people and their activities
by the systematic application of the human sciences,
integrated within the framework of systems engineering.
The SHEL Model
In order to better understand human factors, it may be
helpful to construct a model that visually represents the
different factors associated with human factors.
The model is divided into four interfaces:
• liveware - software
• liveware - hardware
• liveware - environment
• liveware - liveware
Liveware
In the center of the model is man, or Liveware. This is
the most valuable as well as most flexible component in
the system. At the same time, man is subject to many
variations in his performance and suffers many limitations.
Areas to consider when analyzing liveware would
include:
• physical size and shape
• fuel requirements (food / water)
• Input characteristics
• Information processing
• output characteristics
• environmental tolerances
•
Liveware - Software
The liveware-software interface encompasses the nonphysical
aspects of the system such as procedures, manual
and checklist layout, symbology, and computer programs.
Liveware - Hardware
The L-H interface is one of the most commonly considered
interfaces when speaking of machine systems. This
system concerns how the human interacts with physical
hardware. Some examples might include seat design
and control positions. An item to consider in the section
is: was the device in question adapted to meet natural
human characteristics?
Liveware - Environment
The liveware - environment concerns how humans perform
in a certain environment. Factors might include:
• heat / cold (was there air conditioning or heating?)
• oxygen / pressurization
• exposure to the elements (i.e. ozone / radiation)
• disturbing circadian (biological) rhythms
Liveware - Liveware
This last interface concerns the interaction between
people. Attention is now being turned to the breakdown
of team-work or the system of assuring safety through
redundancy. Flight crews function as groups and so
group influences can be expected to play a role in determining
behavior and performance. Factors affecting the
L-L interface include:
• leadership
• crew-cooperation
• team-work
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