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Note.- Consideration will have to be given to providing an
unobstructed line of sight over the entire length of a single
runway where a fill-length parallel taxiway is not available.
Where an aerodrome has intersecting runways, additional
criteria on the line of sight of the intersection area would need
to be considered for operational safety. See the Aerodrome
Design Manual, Part 1.
3.1.17 Distance between slope changes
Recommendation.- Undulations or appreciable changes
in slopes located close together along a runway should be
avoided. The distance between thepoints of intersection of two
successive curves should not be less than:
a) the sum of the absolute numerical values of the corresponding
slope changes multiplied by the appropriate
value as follows:
Annex I4 -Aerodromes Volume I
- 30 000 m where the code number is 4;
- 15 000 m where the code number is 3; and
- 5 000 m where the code number is 1 or 2; or
whichever is greater.
Note.- Guidance on implementing this specification is
given in Attachment A, Section 4.
3.1.18 Transverse slopes
Recommendation.- To promote the most rapid drainage of
water, the runway sdace should, if practicable, be cambered
except where a single crossfallfiom high to low in the direction
of the wind mostfiequently associated with rain would ensure
rapid drainage. The transverse slope should ideally be:
- 1.5 per cent where the code letter is C, D, E or F; and
- 2 per cent where the code letter is A or B;
but in any event should not exceed 1.5 per cent or 2 per cent,
as applicable, nor be less than 1 per cent except at runway or
taxiway intersections where flatter slopes may be necessaly.
For a cambered su$ace the transverse slope on each side of
the centre line should be symmetrical.
Note.- On wet runways with cross-wind conditions the
problem of aquaplaning from poor drainage is apt to be
accentuated. In Attachment A, Section 7, information is given
concerning this problem and other relevant factors.
3.1.19 Recommendation.- The transverse slope should
be substantially the same throughout the length of a runway
except at an intersection with another runway or a taxiway
where an even transition should be provided taking account of
the need for adequate drainage.
characteristics or otherwise adversely affect the take-off or
landing of an aeroplane.
Note I.- Su$ace irregularities may adversely affect the
take-off or landing of an aeroplane by causing excessive
bouncing, pitching, vibration, or other dzficulties in the
control of an aeroplane.
Note 2.- Guidance on design tolerances and other
information is given in Attachment A, Section 5. Additional
guidance is included in the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 3.
3.1.22 The surface of a paved runway shall be so
constructed as to provide good fiiction characteristics when
the runway is wet.
3.1.23 Recommendation.- Measurements of the
fiiction characteristics of a new or resu$aced runway should
be made with a continuous fiction measuring device using
self-wetting features in order to assure that the design
objectives with respect to itsfiiction characteristics have been
achieved.
Note.- Guidance onfiction characteristics of new runway
su$aces is given in Attachment A, Section 7. Additional
guidance is included in the Airport Services Manual, Part 2.
3.1.24 Recommendation.- The average su$ace texture
depth of a new su$ace should be not less than 1.0 mm.
Note I.- This normally requires some form of special
su$ace treatment.
Note 2.- Guidance on methou5 used to measure su$ace
texture is given in the Airport Services Manual, Part 2.
3.1.25 Recommendation.- When the su$ace is grooved
or scored, the grooves or scorings should be either perpendicular
to the runway centre line or parallel to nonperpendicular
transverse joints, where applicable.
Note.- Guidance on methods for improving the runway
su$ace texture is given in the Aerodrome Design Manual,
Part 3.
Note.- Guidance on transverse slope is given in the
Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 3.
3.2 Runway shoulders
Strength of runways
3.1.20 Recommendation.- A runway should be capable
of withstanding the traffic of aeroplanes the runway is
intended to serve.
Surface of runways
3.1.21 The surface of a runway shall be constructed
without irregularities that would result in loss in friction
General
Note.- Guidance on characteristics and treatment of
runway shoulders is given in Attachment A, Section 8, and in
the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 1.
3.2.1 Recommendation.- Runway shoulders should be
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