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aeroplanes are equipped with a radio altimeter for final height
and flare guidance, and when the aeroplane is above the terrain
immediately prior to the threshold, the radio altimeter will
begin to provide information to the automatic pilot for autoflare.
Where slope changes cannot be avoided, the rate of
change between two consecutive slopes should not exceed
2 per cent per 30 m.
5. Runway surface evenness
5.1 In adopting tolerances for runway surface irregularities,
the following standard of construction is achievable
for short distances of 3 m and conforms to good engineering
practice:
Except across the crown of a camber or across drainage
channels, the finished surface of the wearing course is to be
of such regularity that, when tested with a 3 m straightedge
placed anywhere in any direction on the surface, there
is no deviation greater than 3 mm between the bottom of
the straight-edge and the surface of the pavement anywhere
along the straight edge.
5.2 Caution should also be exercised when inserting
runway lights or drainage grilles in runway surfaces to ensure
that adequate smoothness of the surface is maintained.
z = +0.005
then Ix - yl = 0.015 5.3 The operation of aircraft and differential settlement of
ly - z( = 0.01 surface foundations will eventually lead to increases in surface
irregularities. Small deviations. in the above tolerances will not
To comply with the specifications, D should be not less seriously hamper aircraft operations. 1n general, isolated irreguthan:
larities of the order of 2.5 cm to 3 cm over a 45 m distance are
tolerable. Exact information of the maximum acceptable
15 000 (0.015 + 0.01) m, deviation cannot be given, as it varies with the type and speed
that is, 15 000 x 0.025 = 375 m of an aircraft.
ATT A-3 2511lJ04
Annex 14 - Aerodromes Volume l
TODA
I - CWY
D -G i I
TORA
ASDA 1 LLDA~
TORA
LDA ATOSDDA A
m - 9 4
Figure A-1 . Illustration of declared distances
ATT A-4
B
RUNWAY
09
27 ,
17
35
E
C I SWY
ASDA --+
Note.- All declared distances are illustrated for operations from left to right.
- - C C w w
-3
I!
0
0
s 0
V1 sV)
2
RUNWAY
F TORA
rn
2 000
2 000
NU
1800
ASDA
rn
2300
2 350
NU
1800
TODA
rn
2 580
2 350
NU
1800
LDA
rn
1850
2 000
1800
NU
Attachment A Annex 14 -Aerodromes
Figure A-2. Profile on centre line of runway
5.4 Deformation of the runway with time may also
increase the possibility of the formation of water pools. Pools
as shallow as approximately 3 mm in depth, particularly if
they are located where they are likely to'be encountered at
high speed by landing aeroplanes, can induce aquaplaning,
which can then be sustained on a wet runway by a much
shallower depth of water. Improved guidance regarding the
significant length and depth of pools relative to aquaplaning is
the subject of further research. It is, of course, especially
necessary to prevent pools fiom forming whenever there is a
possibility that they might become fiozen.
6. Determining and expressing the friction characteristics
of snow- and ice-covered paved surfaces
6.1 There is an operational need for reliable and uniform
information concerning the friction characteristics of ice- and
snow-covered runways. Accurate and reliable indications of
surface fiction characteristics can be obtained by fiction
measuring devices; however, further experience is required to
correlate the results obtained by such equipment with aircraft
performance, owing to the many variables involved, such as:
aircraft mass, speed, braking mechanism, tire and undercamage
characteristics.
6.2 The fiction coefficient should be measured if a
runway is covered wholly or partly by snow or ice and
repeated as conditions change. Friction measurements andlor
braking action assessments on surfaces other than runways
should be made when an unsatisfactory friction condition can
be expected on such surfaces.
measuring of the maximum hction along the entire runway.
Measuring techniques and information on limitations of the
various fiction measuring devices and precautions to be
observed are given in the Airport Services Manual, Part 2.
6.4 A chart, based on results of tests conducted on
selected ice- or snow-covered surfaces, showing the correlation
between certain fiction measuring devices on ice- or
snow-covered surfaces is presented in the Airport Services
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