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next available rapid exit taxiway. ,
14.2 In low visibility conditions, RETILs provide useful
situational awareness cues while allowing the pilot to concentrate
on keeping the aircraft on the runway centre line.
14.3 Following a landing, runway occupancy time has a
significant effect on achievable runway capacity. RETILs
allow pilots to maintain a good roll-out speed until it is
necessary to decelerate to an appropriate speed for the turn
into a rapid exit turn-off. A roll-out speed of 60 knots until the
first RETIL (three-light barrette) is reached is seen as the
optimum.
15. Intensity control of approach
and runway lights
15.1 The conspicuity of a light depends on the impression
received of contrast between the light and its background. If a
light is to be useful to a pilot by day when on approach, it must
have an intensity of at least 2 000 or 3 000 cd, and in the case
of approach lights an intensity of the order of 20 OM) cd is
desirable. In conditions of very bright daylight fog it may not
be possible to provide lights of sufficient intensity to be effective.
On the other hand, in clear weather on a dark night, an
intensity of the order of 100 cd for approach lights and 50 cd
for the runway edge lights may be found suitable. Even then,
owing to the closer range at which they are viewed, pilots have
sometimes complained that the runway edge lights seemed
unduly bright.
15.2 In fog the amount of light scattered is high. At night
this scattered light increases the brightness of the fog over the
approach area and runway to the extent that little increase in
the visual range of the lights can be obtained by increasing
25/11/04 ATT A-16
Attachment A Annex I4 - Aerodromes
their intensity beyond 2 000 or 3 000 cd. In an endeavour to
increase the range at which lights would first be sighted at
night, their intensity must not be raised to an extent that a pilot
might find excessively dazzling at diminished range.
15.3 From the foregoing will be evident the importance
of adjusting the intensity of the lights of an aerodrome lighting
system according to the prevailing conditions, so as to obtain
the best results without excessive dazzle that would disconcert
the pilot. The appropriate intensity setting on any particular
occasion will depend both on the conditions of background
brightness and the visibility. Detailed guidance material on
selecting intensity setting for different conditions is given in
the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4.
16. Signal area
A signal area need be provided only when it is intended to use
visual ground signals to communicate with aircraft in flight.
Such signals may be needed when the aerodrome does not
have an aerodrome control tower or an aerodrome flight information
service unit, or when the aerodrome is used by
aeroplanes not equipped with radio. Visual ground signals may
also be useful in the case of failure of two-way radio communication
with aircraft. It should be recognized, however,
that the type of information which may be conveyed by visual
ground signals should normally be available in AIPs or
NOTAM. The potential need for visual ground signals should
therefore be evaluated before deciding to provide a signal area.
17. Rescue and fire fighting services
17.1 Administration
17.1.4 A grid map of the aerodrome and its immediate
vicinity should be provided for the use of the aerodrome
services concerned. Information concerning topography,
access roads and location of water supplies should be
indicated. This map should be conspicuously posted in the
control tower and fire station, and available on the rescue and
fire fighting vehicles and such other supporting vehicles
required to respond to an aircraft accident or incident. Copies
should also be distributed to public protective agencies as
desirable.
17.1.5 Coordinated instructions should be drawn up
detailing the responsibilities of all concerned and the action to
be taken in dealing with emergencies. The appropriate authority
should ensure that such instructions are promulgated and
observed.
17.2 Training
The training cuniculum should include initial and recurrent
instruction in at least the following areas:
a) airport familiarization;
b) aircraft familiarization;
c) rescue and fire fighting personnel safety;
d) emergency communications systems on the aerodrome,
including aircraft fire related alarms;
e) use of the fire hoses, nozzles, turrets and other
appliances required for compliance with Chapter 9, 9.2;
f ) application of the types of extinguishing agents required
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