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increases with a decrease in airspeed.
INDUCTION MANIFOLD—The
part of the engine that distributes
intake air to the cylinders.
INERTIA—The opposition which a
body offers to a change of motion.
INITIAL CLIMB—This stage of the
climb begins when the airplane leaves
the ground, and a pitch attitude has
One horsepower equals 550
foot-pounds per second, or 33,000
foot-pounds per minute.
HOT START—In gas turbine
engines, a start which occurs with
normal engine rotation, but exhaust
temperature exceeds prescribed
limits. This is usually caused by an
excessively rich mixture in the
combustor. The fuel to the engine
must be terminated immediately to
prevent engine damage.
HUNG START—In gas turbine
engines, a condition of normal light
off but with r.p.m. remaining at some
low value rather than increasing to the
normal idle r.p.m. This is often the
result of insufficient power to the
engine from the starter. In the event of
a hung start, the engine should be shut
down.
HYDRAULICS—The branch of
science that deals with the
transmission of power by incompressible
fluids under pressure.
HYDROPLANING—A condition
that exists when landing on a surface
with standing water deeper than the
tread depth of the tires. When the
brakes are applied, there is a
possibility that the brake will lock up
and the tire will ride on the surface of
the water, much like a water ski.
When the tires are hydroplaning,
directional control and braking action
are virtually impossible. An effective
anti-skid system can minimize the
effects of hydroplaning.
HYPOXIA—A lack of sufficient
oxygen reaching the body tissues.
IFR (INSTRUMENT FLIGHT
RULES)—Rules that govern the
procedure for conducting flight in
weather conditions below VFR
weather minimums. The term “IFR”
also is used to define weather
conditions and the type of flight plan
under which an aircraft is operating.
IGNITER PLUGS—The electrical
device used to provide the spark for
starting combustion in a turbine
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been established to climb away from
the takeoff area.
INTEGRAL FUEL TANK—
A portion of the aircraft structure,
usually a wing, which is sealed off and
used as a fuel tank. When a wing is
used as an integral fuel tank, it is
called a “wet wing.”
INTERCOOLER—A device used to
reduce the temperature of the
compressed air before it enters the
fuel metering device. The resulting
cooler air has a higher density, which
permits the engine to be operated with
a higher power setting.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINES—An engine that produces
power as a result of expanding hot
gases from the combustion of fuel and
air within the engine itself. A steam
engine where coal is burned to heat up
water inside the engine is an example
of an external combustion engine.
INTERSTAGE TURBINE
TEMPERATURE (ITT)—The temperature
of the gases between the high
pressure and low pressure turbines.
INVERTER—An electrical device
that changes DC to AC power.
ISA (INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD ATMOSPHERE)—
Standard atmospheric conditions
consisting of a temperature of 59°F
(15°C), and a barometric pressure of
29.92 in. Hg. (1013.2 mb) at sea level.
ISA values can be calculated for
various altitudes using a standard
lapse rate of approximately 2°C per
1,000 feet.
JET POWERED AIRPLANE—An
aircraft powered by a turbojet or
turbofan engine.
KINESTHESIA—The sensing of
movements by feel.
LATERAL AXIS—An imaginary
line passing through the center of
gravity of an airplane and extending
across the airplane from wingtip
to wingtip.
the coefficient of drag for any given
angle of attack.
LIFT-OFF—The act of becoming
airborne as a result of the wings
lifting the airplane off the ground, or
the pilot rotating the nose up,
increasing the angle of attack to start a
climb.
LIMIT LOAD FACTOR—Amount
of stress, or load factor, that an aircraft
can withstand before structural
damage or failure occurs.
LOAD FACTOR—The ratio of the
load supported by the airplane’s wings
to the actual weight of the aircraft and
its contents. Also referred to as
G-loading.
LONGITUDINAL AXIS—
An imaginary line through an aircraft
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AIRPLANE FLYING HANDBOOK 飞机飞行手册下(113)
