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contaminated
- Water
- Slush
- Dry snow
- Wet snow
- Compacted
snow
- Ice
< 3 mm
< 2 mm
< 4 mm
< 15 mm
3 to 13 mm
2 to 13 mm
4 to 25 mm
15 to 51 mm
All thickness
All thickness
2 à 13mm
Wet and contaminated runway
Definition
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
The take off distance, with one engine inoperative,
on wet or contaminated runway ends when the
aircraft reaches 15 ft above the runway surface
Wet and contaminated runway (JAR 25.113 Subpart B)
regulation
V1 VR VLOF V2
15 ft
BR
Vef
AEO OEI
TOD OEI
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
The take off run, with one engine inoperative,
on wet or contaminated runway is equal to TODOEI
Wet and contaminated runway (JAR 25.113 Subpart B)
Regulation
V1 VR VLOF V2
15 ft
BR
Vef
AEO OEI
TOR OEI
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
VMCG: (only for contaminated runway)
VMCG(Contaminated) = VMCG(dry) + 4 kt
Wet and contaminated runway
regulation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
V1/VR
D
1
TOD OEI Wet
TOD OEI dry
ASD dry
ASD wet
wet dry
Balanced
distance
Wet and contaminated runway
Regulation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
net flight path
35 ft
end of TODwet
15 ft
35 ft
reduced safety
margin
Wet and contaminated runway (IEM JAR OPS 1.495(a)-2)
regulation
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
IEM OPS 1.495(a)
Take-off obstacle clearance
JAR-OPS 1.495(a) specifies that the net take-off
flight path, determined from the data provided in
the Aeroplane Flight Manual in accordance with
sub-paragraphs 1(a) and 1(b) above, must clear
all relevent obstacles by a vertical distance of
35ft. When taking off on wet or contaminated
runway and an engine failure occurs at the point
corresponding to the decision speed (V1)for a wet
or contaminated runway,this implies that the
aeroplane can initially be as much as 20ft below
the net take-off flight path in accordance with
sub-paragraph 1 above and,therefore, may clear
close-in obstacles by only 15 ft.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
IEM OPS 1.495(a)
Take-off obstacle clearance
When taking off on wet or contaminated runways,
the operator should exercise special care with
respect to obstacle assessment ,especially if a
take-off is obstacle limited and obstacle density
is high.
IEM-Interpretative/Explanatory Material (IEM)
helps to illustrate the meaning of a requirement.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Composition and Effect
1. There is a clear separation in the effect of
contaminants on the aircraft performance in hard and
fluid contaminants
Hard contaminants are : Compacted snow and ice
Fluid contaminants are : Water, slush and loose snow
2. Hard: Decrease of friction forces
3. Fluid: Decrease of friction forces + precipitation
drag and aquaplaning
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Composition and Effect
1. The precipitation drag is composed of :
Displacement drag
produced by the displacement of the contaminant fluid from
the path of the tire.
Spray impingement drag
produced by the spray thrown up by the wheels (mainly
those of the nose gear) onto the fuselage
2. The effect of these additional drags must be
accounted for:
They affect the deceleration performance: positive effect.
They affect the acceleration performance: negative effect.
3. The effect on the acceleration leads to a limitation in
the depth of fluid contaminants on the runway
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Composition and Effect
Aquaplaning
an intervening film between the tire and the runway
leading to a reduction of the dry contact area
the tire of the aircraft are to a large extend separated
from the runway surface
Friction forces drop to almost negligible values
Directional control and braking are virtually ineffective.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
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flight operation 飞行运行概述(39)
