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Ii = (di - D) mig
B
O’
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
CGO 01 1000kg
CGO 02
CGO 03
Cabin OA 10 pax
Cabin OB No influence
Cabin OC
TOM Index calculation
Index
2000kg
1000kg
1500kg
12 Pax
60 Pax
30 Pax
I(oem)
I(zfm)
Fuel +12
I(tom) Index
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
I = A +mg
B (a - D +l B%
100
)
I = A +mg
B (d - D) B% = 100 d - a
+ l
Balance vs mass and TOM Index is given by
parametrized straight lines :
Balance determination regarding TOM Index
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Index
A Index
B1% Bn%
0
mass
mmin
Aft certified limit
Fwd certif. lim
I(tom)
tom
B%
Balance determination regarding TOM Index
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
BALANCE :
1. Limits
2. Expression
3. Calculation
4. The Index method
5. Operational limits
6. Balance and fuel consumption
JAR OPS 1 Sub-part J
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
B1% Bn% Index
0
mmin
Aft certified limit
Fwd certif. lim.
mass
Operational limits
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Operational limits to compensate deviations and
errors :
weighing errors, unaccounted modifications and/or
equipment variations
deviation of the actual CG, or in the distribution, of fuel,
baggage, cargo, actual passenger seating
deviation caused by the in-flight movement of the cabin
crew, pantry equipment and passengers
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Weight (kg) INDEX
1000 +3.76
2000 +2.69
3000 +1.63
4000 +0.57
5000 -0.35
6000 -1.21
7000 -1.97
8000 -2.66
9000 -3.19
10000 -3.25
11000 -2.79
12000 -1.84
13000 -2.27
14000 -3.64
15000 -5.19
16000 -6.75
17000 -8.29
18000 -9.85
FULL -11.14
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
BALANCE :
1. Limits
2. Expression
3. Calculation
4. The Index method
5. Operational limits
6. Balance and fuel consumption
JAR OPS 1 Sub-part J
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
CG
Wing
Lift
Pitch down
Download
Influence of balance on fuel consumption
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Backward CG
If CG goes backward :
• Stabilizer download
• Wing lift
• AoA
• Drag
fuel consumption
Influence of balance on fuel consumption
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Index
mass
ZFM balance
TOM balance
Outer tanks fueling
Inner tanks fueling
Center tank fueling
Auxiliary tank fueling
Influence of balance on fuel consumption :
example A310
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Index
mass
Taxi, Take off,
climb to 20500 ftTransfer towards
H stabilizer tank
Forward transfert
Crossing down FL 200 :
fast forward transfer
Approach and
landing
Backward transfer
every 5 mn
Influence of balance on fuel consumption :
example A310
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Part 2
European Applicable Regulations
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
Table of contents
• Flight operations duties
• European Applicable Regulation
• General
• General aircraft limitations
• Payload Range
• Operating limitations
• In flight performance
• One engine inoperative performance
• Flight planning
• Weight and Balance
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Date of the module
2.1 European Context – ECAC and EU
2.2 Joint Aviation Authorities and European Aviation
Safety Agency
2.3 Joint Aviation Requirements and equivalent in
EASA system
2.4 Structure of a JAR
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flight operation 飞行运行概述(2)
