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5. Failure to understand the cause of trim changes. Lack
of understanding the basic aerodynamics related to
basic instrument skills will cause a pilot to continually
lag behind the airplane.
5-14
Figure 5-25. Climb Entry for Constant Airspeed Climb.
Straight Climbs and Descents
Climbs
For a given power setting and load condition, there is only
one attitude that will give the most efficient rate of climb.
The airspeed and climb power setting that will determine this
climb attitude are given in the performance data found in the
POH/AFM. Details of the technique for entering a climb vary
according to airspeed on entry and the type of climb (constant
airspeed or constant rate) desired. (Heading and trim control
are maintained as discussed in Straight-and-Level Flight.)
Entry
To enter a constant-airspeed climb from cruising airspeed,
raise the miniature aircraft to the approximate nose-high
indication for the predetermined climb speed. The attitude
will vary according to the type of airplane. Apply light backelevator
pressure to initiate and maintain the climb attitude.
The pressures will vary as the airplane decelerates. Power
may be advanced to the climb power setting simultaneously
with the pitch change, or after the pitch change is established
and the airspeed approaches climb speed. If the transition
from level flight to climb is smooth, the VSI will show an
immediate trend upward, continue to move slowly, and
then stop at a rate appropriate to the stabilized airspeed and
attitude. (Primary and supporting instruments for the climb
entry are shown in Figure 5-25.)
Once the airplane stabilizes at a constant airspeed and attitude,
the ASI is primary for pitch and the heading indicator remains
primary for bank. [Figure 5-26] Monitor the tachometer or
manifold pressure gauge as the primary power instrument to
ensure the proper climb power setting is being maintained. If
the climb attitude is correct for the power setting selected, the
airspeed will stabilize at the desired speed. If the airspeed is
low or high, make an appropriately small pitch correction.
To enter a constant airspeed climb, first complete the airspeed
reduction from cruise airspeed to climb speed in straightand-
level flight. The climb entry is then identical to entry
from cruising airspeed, except that power must be increased
simultaneously to the climb setting as the pitch attitude is
increased. Climb entries on partial panel are more easily
and accurately controlled if entering the maneuver from
climbing speed.
The technique for entering a constant rate climb is very
similar to that used for entry to a constant-airspeed climb
from climb airspeed. As the power is increased to the
approximate setting for the desired rate, simultaneously
raise the miniature aircraft to the climbing attitude for the
desired airspeed and rate of climb. As the power is increased,
the ASI is primary for pitch control until the vertical speed
approaches the desired value. As the vertical speed needle
stabilizes, it becomes primary for pitch control and the ASI
becomes primary for power control. [Figure 5-27]
5-15
Figure 5-26. Stabilized Climb at Constant Airspeed.
Figure 5-27. Stabilized Climb at Constant Rate.
5-16
Figure 5-28. Airspeed Low and Vertical Speed High—Reduce Pitch.
Pitch and power corrections must be promptly and closely
coordinated. For example, if the vertical speed is correct, but
the airspeed is low, add power. As the power is increased,
the miniature aircraft must be lowered slightly to maintain
constant vertical speed. If the vertical speed is high and the
airspeed is low, lower the miniature aircraft slightly and note
the increase in airspeed to determine whether or not a power
change is also necessary. [Figure 5-28] Familiarity with the
approximate power settings helps to keep pitch and power
corrections at a minimum.
Leveling Off
To level off from a climb and maintain an altitude, it is
necessary to start the level off before reaching the desired
altitude. The amount of lead varies with rate of climb and
pilot technique. If the airplane is climbing at 1,000 fpm, it will
continue to climb at a decreasing rate throughout the transition
to level flight. An effective practice is to lead the altitude by
10 percent of the vertical speed shown (500 fpm/ 50-foot lead,
1,000 fpm/100-foot lead).
To level off at cruising airspeed, apply smooth, steady
forward-elevator pressure toward level flight attitude for the
speed desired. As the attitude indicator shows the pitch change,
the vertical speed needle will move slowly toward zero, the
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Instrument Flying Handbook仪表飞行手册上(86)
