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as stress levels exceed the ability to cope. [Figure 1-10]
At this point, a pilot’s performance begins to decline and
judgment deteriorates. Complex or unfamiliar tasks require
higher levels of performance than simple or overlearned
tasks. Complex or unfamiliar tasks are also more subject to
the adverse effects of increasing stress than simple or familiar
tasks. [Figure 1-10]
The indicators of excessive stress often show as three types
of symptoms: (1) emotional, (2) physical, and (3) behavioral.
Emotional symptoms may surface as over-compensation,
denial, suspicion, paranoia, agitation, restlessness, or
defensiveness. Physical stress can result in acute fatigue
while behavioral degradation will be manifested as sensitivity
to criticism, tendency to be argumentative, arrogance, and
hostility. Pilots need to learn to recognize the symptoms of
stress as they begin to occur.
There are many techniques available that can help reduce
stress in life or help people cope with it better. Not all of the
following ideas may be a solution, but some of them should
be effective.
1. Become knowledgeable about stress.
2. Take a realistic self-assessment. (See the Pilot’s
Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge).
3. Take a systematic approach to problem solving.
4. Develop a lifestyle that will buffer against the effects
of stress.
5. Practice behavior management techniques.
6. Establish and maintain a strong support network.
Good flight deck stress management begins with good life
stress management. Many of the stress coping techniques
practiced for life stress management are not usually practical
in flight. Rather, pilots must condition themselves to relax and
think rationally when stress appears. The following checklist
outlines some methods of flight deck stress management.
1. Avoid situations that distract from flying the aircraft.
2. Reduce flight deck workload to reduce stress levels.
This will create a proper environment in which to make
good decisions. Typically, flying involves higher stress
levels during takeoff and landing phases. Between the
two generally lies a period of low activity resulting
in a lower stress level. Transitioning from the cruise
phase to the landing phase is generally accompanied
by a significant workload that, if not properly
accommodated, will increase stress significantly.
Proper planning and prioritization of flight deck
duties are key to avoiding events that affect the pilot's
capacity to maintain situational awareness.
1-12
3. If a problem occurs, remain calm. If time is not a
pressing factor, follow the analytical approach to
decision-making: think for a moment, weigh the
alternatives, select and take an appropriate course of
action, and then evaluate its effects.
If an emergency situation occurs, remain calm and
use the aeronautical decision-making (ADM) process
to resolve the emergency. This process relies on the
pilot’s training and experience to accurately and
automatically respond to an emergency situation.
Constant training in handling emergency procedures
will help reduce pilot stress when an emergency
occurs.
4. Become thoroughly familiar with the aircraft, its
operation, and emergency procedures. Also, maintain
flight proficiency to build confidence.
5. Know and respect personal limits. Studies have
suggested that highly experienced pilots have taken
more chances when flying into potential icing
conditions than low time or inexperienced pilots.
Very low time pilots without experience may analyze
and interpret the likelihood for “potential” flight into
icing without the benefit of life experience, thereby
making decisions closely aligned with the compilation
of their training and recent academic knowledge.
Highly experienced pilots may evaluate the current
situation based upon the empirical information
(sometimes diluted with time) coupled with their
vast experience. This may lead to a level of greater
acceptability of the situation because their experience
has illustrated successful navigation of this problem
before. Therefore, the automatic decision may be in
error because not all salient facts are evaluated.
6. Do not allow small mistakes to be distractions during
flight; rather, review and analyze them after landing.
7. If flying adds stress, either stop flying or seek
professional help to manage stress within acceptable
limits.
Medical Factors
A “go/no-go” decision based on a pilot’s medical factors is
made before each flight. The pilot should not only preflight
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Instrument Flying Handbook仪表飞行手册上(21)
