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instruments.
Attitude Instrument Flying Using the Control and
Performance Method
Aircraft performance is achieved by controlling the aircraft
attitude and power. Aircraft attitude is the relationship
of both the aircraft’s pitch and roll axes in relation to the
Earth’s horizon. An aircraft is flown in instrument flight by
controlling the attitude and power, as necessary, to produce
both controlled and stabilized flight without reference to a
visible horizon. This overall process is known as the control
and performance method of attitude instrument flying.
Starting with basic instrument maneuvers, this process can
be applied through the use of control, performance, and
navigation instruments, resulting in a smooth flight, from
takeoff to landing.
Control Instruments
The control instruments display immediate attitude and power
indications and are calibrated to permit those respective
adjustments in precise increments. In this discussion, the
term “power” is used in place of the more technically correct
term “thrust or drag relationship.” Control is determined
by reference to the attitude and power indicators. Power
indicators vary with aircraft and may include manifold
pressure, tachometers, fuel flow, etc. [Figure 4-1]
Performance Instruments
The performance instruments indicate the aircraft’s actual
performance. Performance is determined by reference to
the altimeter, airspeed or vertical speed indicator (VSI).
[Figure 4-2]
Navigation Instruments
The navigation instruments indicate the position of the aircraft
in relation to a selected navigation facility or fix. This group
of instruments includes various types of course indicators,
range indicators, glide-slope indicators, and bearing pointers.
[Figure 4-3] Newer aircraft with more technologically
advanced instrumentation provide blended information,
giving the pilot more accurate positional information.
Procedural Steps in Using Control and
Performance
1. Establish an attitude and power setting on the
control instruments that results in the desired
performance. Known or computed attitude changes
and approximated power settings helps to reduce the
pilot’s workload.
2. Trim (fine tune the control forces) until control
pressures are neutralized. Trimming for hands-off
flight is essential for smooth, precise aircraft control.
4-3
30 W 24
Figure 4-2. Performance Instruments.
Figure 4-3. Flight Panel Instrumentation.
It allows a pilot to attend to other flight deck duties
with minimum deviation from the desired attitude.
3. Cross-check the performance instruments to determine
if the established attitude or power setting is providing
the desired performance. The cross-check involves
both seeing and interpreting. If a deviation is noted,
determine the magnitude and direction of adjustment
required to achieve the desired performance.
4. Adjust the attitude and/or power setting on the control
instruments as necessary.
Aircraft Control During Instrument Flight
Attitude Control
Proper control of aircraft attitude is the result of proper use
of the attitude indicator, knowledge of when to change the
4-4
Figure 4-4. Pitch Instruments.
attitude, and then smoothly changing the attitude a precise
amount. The attitude reference provides an immediate, direct,
and corresponding indication of any change in aircraft pitch
or bank attitude.
Pitch Control
Changing the “pitch attitude” of the miniature aircraft or
fuselage dot by precise amounts in relation to the horizon
makes pitch changes. These changes are measured in degrees
or fractions thereof, or bar widths depending upon the type of
attitude reference. The amount of deviation from the desired
performance determines the magnitude of the correction.
Bank Control
Bank changes are made by changing the “bank attitude” or
bank pointers by precise amounts in relation to the bank scale.
The bank scale is normally graduated at 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°,
60°, and 90° and is located at the top or bottom of the attitude
reference. Normally, use a bank angle that approximates the
degrees to turn, not to exceed 30°.
Power Control
Proper power control results from the ability to smoothly
establish or maintain desired airspeeds in coordination
with attitude changes. Power changes are made by throttle
adjustments and reference to the power indicators. Power
indicators are not affected by such factors as turbulence,
improper trim, or inadvertent control pressures. Therefore,
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Instrument Flying Handbook仪表飞行手册上(64)
