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Illness
Do I have any symptoms?
Medication
Have I been taking prescription or over-the-counter drugs?
Stress
Am I under psychological pressure from the job? Do I have
money, health, or family problems?
Alcohol
Have I been drinking within 8 hours? Within 24 hours?
Fatigue
Am I tired and not adequately rested?
Eating
Have I eaten enough of the proper foods to keep adequately
nourished during the entire flight?
Hazard Identification
In order to identify a hazard, it would be useful to define what
a hazard is. The FAA System Safety course defines a hazard
as: “a present condition, event, object, or circumstance that
could lead or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event.”
Put simply, a hazard is a source of danger. Potential hazards
may be identified from a number of internal and external
sources. These may be based upon several concurrent factors
that provide an indication and ultimate identification of a
hazard. Consider the following situations:
Situation 1
The pilot has just taken off and is entering the clouds. Suddenly,
there is an explosive sound. The sudden noise is disturbing and
occurs as the pilot is given a new heading, a climb restriction,
and the frequency for the departure control.
Situation 2
The pilot took off late in a rented aircraft (first time flying
this model), and is now in night conditions due to the delay,
and flying on an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan in
IMC conditions. The radios do not seem to work well and
develop static. They seem to be getting weaker. As the pilot
proceeds, the rotating beacon stops flashing/rotating, and the
lights become dimmer. As the situation progresses, the pilot
is unaware of the problem because the generator warning
light, (on the lower left of the panel) is obscured by the chart
on the pilot’s lap.
Both situations above represent hazards that must be dealt
with differently and a level of risk must be associated with
each depending on various factors affecting the flight.
Risk Analysis
Risk is defined as the future impact of a hazard that is not
eliminated or controlled. It is the possibility of loss or injury.
Risk analysis is the process whereby hazards are characterized
by their likelihood and severity. Risk analysis evaluates
the hazards to determine the outcomes and how abrupt that
outcome will occur. The analysis applied will be qualitative
to the degree that time allows resulting in either an analytical
or automatic approach in the decision-making process.
1-14
In the first situation, the decision may be automatic: fly the
airplane to a safe landing. Since automatic decision-making
is based upon education and experience, an inexperienced
pilot may react improperly to the situation which results in
an inadequate action. To mitigate improper decision-making,
immediate action items from emergency procedures should
be learned. Training, education, and mentorship are all key
factors in honing automatic decision-making skills.
In the second situation, if the pilot has a flashlight onboard, it
can be used for illumination, although its light may degrade
night vision. After changing the appropriate transponder
code, and making calls in the blind, awareness of present
location becomes imperative, especially if the pilot must
execute a controlled descent to VMC conditions. Proper
preflight planning conducted before departure and constant
awareness of location provide an element of both comfort
(reduces stress) and information from which the pilot can
draw credible information.
In both cases, the outcomes can be successful through
systems understanding, emergency procedures training, and
correctly analyzing the risks associated with each course
of action.
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
and Single-Pilot Resource Management
(SRM)
Crew resource management (CRM) and single-pilot resource
management (SRM) is the ability for the crew or pilot to
manage all resources effectively to ensure the outcome of the
flight is successful. In general aviation, SRM will be most
often used and its focus is on the single-pilot operation. SRM
integrates the following:
• Situational Awareness
• Flight Deck Resource Management
• Task Management
• Aeronautical Decision-making (ADM) and Risk
Management
SRM recognizes the need to seek proper information from
these sources to make a valid decision. For instance, the
pilot may have to request assistance from others and be
assertive to resolve situations. Pilots should understand the
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Instrument Flying Handbook仪表飞行手册上(23)
