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Function of ADF......................................................7-4
Operational Errors of ADF......................................7-8
Very High Frequency Omnidirectional
Range (VOR)...............................................................7-8
VOR Components..................................................7-10
Function of VOR...................................................7-12
VOR Operational Errors........................................7-14
VOR Accuracy.......................................................7-16
VOR Receiver Accuracy Check............................7-16
VOR Test Facility (VOT)......................................7-16
Certified Checkpoints............................................7-16
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)....................7-16
DME Components.................................................7-17
Function of DME...................................................7-17
DME Arc...............................................................7-17
Intercepting Lead Radials......................................7-19
DME Errors...........................................................7-19
Area Navigation (RNAV).........................................7-19
VOR/DME RNAV.................................................7-23
VOR/DME RNAV Components...........................7-23
Function of VOR/DME RNAV.............................7-23
VOR/DME RNAV Errors......................................7-24
Long Range Navigation (LORAN)...........................7-24
LORAN Components............................................7-25
Function of LORAN..............................................7-26
LORAN Errors.......................................................7-26
Advanced Technologies................................................7-26
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)............7-26
xiv
Global Positioning System (GPS).............................7-27
GPS Components...................................................7-27
Function of GPS....................................................7-28
GPS Substitution....................................................7-28
GPS Substitution for ADF or DME ......................7-29
To Determine Aircraft Position Over a DME
Fix:.........................................................................7-29
To Fly a DME Arc:................................................7-29
To Navigate TO or FROM an NDB/Compass
Locator:..................................................................7-29
To Determine Aircraft Position Over an NDB/
Compass Locator:..................................................7-29
To Determine Aircraft Position Over a Fix Made
up of an NDB/Compass Locator Bearing
Crossing a VOR/LOC Course:..............................7-30
To Hold Over an NDB/Compass Locator:............7-30
IFR Flight Using GPS............................................7-30
GPS Instrument Approaches..................................7-31
Departures and Instrument Departure
Procedures (DPs)...................................................7-33
GPS Errors.............................................................7-33
System Status.........................................................7-33
GPS Familiarization...............................................7-34
Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS).....7-34
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS).............7-34
General Requirements...........................................7-34
Instrument Approach Capabilities.........................7-36
Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)..............7-36
Inertial Navigation System (INS)..............................7-36
INS Components....................................................7-37
INS Errors..............................................................7-37
Instrument Approach Systems......................................7-37
Instrument Landing Systems (ILS)...........................7-37
ILS Components....................................................7-39
Approach Lighting Systems (ALS)...........................7-40
ILS Airborne Components.....................................7-42
ILS Function..............................................................7-42
ILS Errors..................................................................7-44
Marker Beacons.....................................................7-44
Operational Errors.................................................7-45
Simplified Directional Facility (SDF).......................7-45
Localizer Type Directional Aid (LDA).....................7-45
Microwave Landing System (MLS)..........................7-45
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