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maintain preplanned or assigned headings. With this in
mind, the primary instrument for bank angle is the heading
indicator. Heading changes are displayed instantaneously.
The heading indicator is the only instrument that displays the
current magnetic heading, provided that it is matched to the
magnetic compass with all deviation adjustments accounted
for. [Figure 4-32]
There are supporting instruments associated with bank as
well. The turn rate trend indicator shows the pilot when the
aircraft is changing heading. The magnetic compass is also
useful for maintaining a heading; however, it is influenced
by several errors in various phases of flight.
Primary Yaw
The slip/skid indicator is the primary instrument for yaw.
It is the only instrument that can indicate if the aircraft is
4-24
Figure 4-33. Note that the altitude and vertical speed tapes are slightly to the right of the pilot’s direct forward line of sight.
to include the stand-by flight instruments as well as the
engine indications in the scan. Due to the size of the
attitude instrument display, scanning techniques have been
simplified because the attitude indicator is never out of
peripheral view.
Selected Radial Cross-Check
The radial scan is designed so that your eyes remain on the
attitude indicator 80–90 percent of the time. The remainder
of the time is spent transitioning from the attitude indicator
to the various other flight instruments. [Figure 4-34]
The radial scan pattern works well for scanning the PFD. The
close proximity of the instrument tape displays necessitates
very little eye movement in order to focus in on the desired
instrument. While the eyes move in any direction, the
extended artificial horizon line allows the pilot to keep the
pitch attitude in his or her peripheral vision. This extended
horizon line greatly reduces the tendency to fixate on one
instrument and completely ignore all others. Because of
the size of the attitude display, some portion of the attitude
indicator is always visible while viewing another instrument
display on the PFD.
Starting the Scan
Start the scan in the center of the PFD on the yellow chevron.
Note the pitch attitude and then transition the eyes upward to
the slip/skid indicator. Ensure that the aircraft is coordinated
Instrument Cross-Check
The first fundamental skill is cross-checking (also call
“scanning”). Cross-checking is the continuous observation of
the indications on the control and performance instruments.
It is imperative that the new instrument pilot learn to observe
and interpret the various indications in order to control
the attitude and performance of the aircraft. Due to the
configuration of some glass panel displays such as the Garmin
G1000, one or more of the performance instruments may be
located on an MFD installed to the right of the pilot’s direct
forward line of sight. [Figure 4-33]
How a pilot gathers the necessary information to control the
aircraft varies by individual pilot. No specific method of
cross-checking (scanning) is recommended; the pilot must
learn to determine which instruments give the most pertinent
information for any particular phase of a maneuver. With
practice, the pilot is able to observe the primary instruments
quickly and cross-check with the supporting instruments
in order to maintain the desired attitude. At no time during
instrument flying should the pilot stop cross-checking the
instrumentation.
Scanning Techniques
Since most of the primary and supporting aircraft attitude
information is displayed on the PFD, standard scanning
techniques can be utilized. It is important to remember
4-25
Figure 4-34. Selected Radial Cross-Check.
Figure 4-35. Roll Pointer and Slip/Skid Indicator.
by aligning the split triangle symbol. The top of the split
triangle is referred to as the roll pointer. The lower portion of
the split triangle is the slip/skid indicator. If the lower portion
of the triangle is off to one side, step on the rudder pedal on
the same side to offset it. [Figure 4-35 NOTE: The aircraft
is not changing heading. There is no trend vector on the turn
rate indicator.]
While scanning that region, check the roll pointer and assure
that the desired degree of roll is being indicated on the bank
scale. The roll index and the bank scale remain stationary at
the top of the attitude indicator. The index is marked with
angles of 10°, 20°, 30°, 45° and 60° in both directions. If the
desired bank angle is not indicated, make the appropriate
4-26
Figure 4-36. Airspeed Trend Indicators.
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Instrument Flying Handbook仪表飞行手册上(75)
