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This maneuver may produce extreme disorientation. While
in straight-and-level flight, the pilot should sit normally,
either with eyes closed or gaze lowered to the floor. The
instructor pilot starts a positive, coordinated roll toward a
30° or 40° angle of bank. As this is in progress, the pilot
tilts his or her head forward, looks to the right or left, then
immediately returns his or her head to an upright position.
The instructor pilot should time the maneuver so the roll is
stopped as the pilot returns his or her head upright. An intense
disorientation is usually produced by this maneuver, and the
pilot experiences the sensation of falling downward into the
direction of the roll.
In the descriptions of these maneuvers, the instructor pilot is
doing the flying, but having the pilot do the flying can also
be a very effective demonstration. The pilot should close his
or her eyes and tilt the head to one side. The instructor pilot
tells the pilot what control inputs to perform. The pilot then
attempts to establish the correct attitude or control input with
eyes closed and head tilted. While it is clear the pilot has no
idea of the actual attitude, he or she will react to what the
senses are saying. After a short time, the pilot will become
disoriented and the instructor pilot then tells the pilot to
look up and recover. The benefit of this exercise is the pilot
experiences the disorientation while flying the aircraft.
Coping with Spatial Disorientation
To prevent illusions and their potentially disastrous
consequences, pilots can:
1. Understand the causes of these illusions and remain
constantly alert for them. Take the opportunity to
understand and then experience spatial disorientation
illusions in a device such as a Barany chair, a
Vertigon, or a Virtual Reality Spatial Disorientation
Demonstrator.
2. Always obtain and understand preflight weather
briefings.
3. Before flying in marginal visibility (less than 3 miles)
or where a visible horizon is not evident such as flight
over open water during the night, obtain training and
maintain proficiency in airplane control by reference
to instruments.
4. Do not continue flight into adverse weather conditions
or into dusk or darkness unless proficient in the use of
flight instruments. If intending to fly at night, maintain
night-flight currency and proficiency. Include crosscountry
and local operations at various airfields.
5. Ensure that when outside visual references are used,
they are reliable, fixed points on the Earth’s surface.
6. Avoid sudden head movement, particularly during
takeoffs, turns, and approaches to landing.
7. Be physically tuned for flight into reduced visibility.
That is, ensure proper rest, adequate diet, and, if flying
at night, allow for night adaptation. Remember that
illness, medication, alcohol, fatigue, sleep loss, and
mild hypoxia are likely to increase susceptibility to
spatial disorientation.
1-9
Water Refraction
Rain on the windscreen can create an illusion of being at a
higher altitude due to the horizon appearing lower than it is.
This can result in the pilot flying a lower approach.
Haze
Atmospheric haze can create an illusion of being at a greater
distance and height from the runway. As a result, the pilot
will have a tendency to be low on the approach. Conversely,
extremely clear air (clear bright conditions of a high attitude
airport) can give the pilot the illusion of being closer than he
or she actually is, resulting in a high approach, which may
result in an overshoot or go around. The diffusion of light
due to water particles on the windshield can adversely affect
depth perception. The lights and terrain features normally
used to gauge height during landing become less effective
for the pilot.
Fog
Flying into fog can create an illusion of pitching up. Pilots
who do not recognize this illusion will often steepen the
approach quite abruptly.
Ground Lighting Illusions
Lights along a straight path, such as a road or lights on moving
trains, can be mistaken for runway and approach lights. Bright
runway and approach lighting systems, especially where
few lights illuminate the surrounding terrain, may create the
illusion of less distance to the runway. The pilot who does not
recognize this illusion will often fly a higher approach.
How To Prevent Landing Errors Due to
Optical Illusions
To prevent these illusions and their potentially hazardous
consequences, pilots can:
1. Anticipate the possibility of visual illusions during
approaches to unfamiliar airports, particularly at
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Instrument Flying Handbook仪表飞行手册上(19)
