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procedures.
5. Attitude indicator: Allow the same time as noted
above for gyros to spin up. If the horizon bar erects
to the horizontal position and remains at the correct
position for the attitude of the airplane, or if it begins
to vibrate after this attitude is reached and then slowly
stops vibrating altogether, the instrument is operating
properly. If an electronic flight instrument system
is installed, consult the flight manual for proper
procedures.
6. Altimeter: With the altimeter set to the current reported
altimeter setting, note any variation between the
known field elevation and the altimeter indication. If
the indication is not within 75 feet of field elevation,
the accuracy of the altimeter is questionable and
the problem should be referred to a repair station
for evaluation and possible correction. Because the
elevation of the ramp or hangar area might differ
significantly from field elevation, recheck when in
the run-up area if the error exceeds 75 feet. When
no altimeter setting is available, set the altimeter
to the published field elevation during the preflight
instrument check.
7. VSI: The instrument should read zero. If it does not,
tap the panel gently. If an electronic flight instrument
system is installed, consult the flight manual for proper
procedures.
8. Engine instruments: Check for proper readings.
9. Radio equipment: Check for proper operation and set
as desired.
10. Deicing and anti-icing equipment: Check operation.
Taxiing and Takeoff
1. Turn coordinator: During taxi turns, check the
miniature aircraft for proper turn indications. The ball
or slip/skid should move freely. The ball or slip/skid
indicator should move opposite to the direction of
turns. The turn instrument should indicate the direction
of the turn. While taxiing straight, the miniature
aircraft (as appropriate) should be level.
2. Heading indicator: Before takeoff, recheck the heading
indicator. If the magnetic compass and deviation card
are accurate, the heading indicator should show the
known taxiway or runway direction when the airplane
is aligned with them (within 5°).
3. Attitude indicator: If the horizon bar fails to remain
in the horizontal position during straight taxiing, or
tips in excess of 5° during taxi turns, the instrument is
unreliable. Adjust the miniature aircraft with reference
to the horizon bar for the particular airplane while on
the ground. For some tricycle-gear airplanes, a slightly
nose-low attitude on the ground gives a level flight
attitude at normal cruising speed.
Engine Shut Down
When shutting down the engine, note any abnormal
instrument indications.
3-38
4-1
Introduction
Attitude instrument flying is defined as the control of an
aircraft’s spatial position by using instruments rather than
outside visual references. Today’s aircraft come equipped
with analog and/or digital instruments. Analog instrument
systems are mechanical and operate with numbers
representing directly measurable quantities, such as a watch
with a sweep second hand. In contrast, digital instrument
systems are electronic and operate with numbers expressed
in digits. Although more manufacturers are providing aircraft
with digital instrumentation, analog instruments remain more
prevalent. This section acquaints the pilot with the use of
analog flight instruments.
Airplane Attitude
Instrument Flying
Chapter 4, Section I
Using Analog Instrumentation
4-2
30 W 24
Figure 4-1. Control Instruments.
Any flight, regardless of the aircraft used or route flown,
consists of basic maneuvers. In visual flight, aircraft attitude
is controlled by using certain reference points on the aircraft
with relation to the natural horizon. In instrument flight,
the aircraft attitude is controlled by reference to the flight
instruments. Proper interpretation of the flight instruments
provides essentially the same information that outside
references do in visual flight. Once the role of each instrument
in establishing and maintaining a desired aircraft attitude is
learned, a pilot is better equipped to control the aircraft in
emergency situations involving failure of one or more key
instruments.
Learning Methods
The two basic methods used for learning attitude instrument
flying are “control and performance” and “primary and
supporting.” Both methods utilize the same instruments
and responses for attitude control. They differ in their
reliance on the attitude indicator and interpretation of other
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