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in most aircraft little attention is required to ensure the power
setting remains constant.
Experience in an aircraft teaches a pilot approximately how
far to move the throttle to change the power a given amount.
Power changes are made primarily by throttle movement,
followed by an indicator cross-check to establish a more
precise setting. The key is to avoid fixating on the indicators
while setting the power. Knowledge of approximate power
settings for various flight configurations helps the pilot avoid
overcontrolling power.
Attitude Instrument Flying Using the Primary and
Supporting Method
Another basic method for teaching attitude instrument flying
classifies the instruments as they relate to control function as
well as aircraft performance. All maneuvers involve some
degree of motion about the lateral (pitch), longitudinal (bank/
roll), and vertical (yaw) axes. Attitude control is stressed in
this handbook in terms of pitch control, bank control, power
control, and trim control. Instruments are grouped as they
relate to control function and aircraft performance as pitch
control, bank control, power control, and trim.
Pitch Control
Pitch control is controlling the rotation of the aircraft about the
lateral axis by movement of the elevators. After interpreting
the pitch attitude from the proper flight instruments, exert
control pressures to effect the desired pitch attitude with
reference to the horizon. These instruments include the
attitude indicator, altimeter, VSI, and airspeed indicator.
[Figure 4-4] The attitude indicator displays a direct indication
of the aircraft’s pitch attitude while the other pitch attitude
control instruments indirectly indicate the pitch attitude of
the aircraft.
Attitude Indicator
The pitch attitude control of an aircraft controls the angular
relationship between the longitudinal axis of the aircraft and
the actual horizon. The attitude indicator gives a direct and
immediate indication of the pitch attitude of the aircraft. The
aircraft controls are used to position the miniature aircraft
in relation to the horizon bar or horizon line for any pitch
attitude required. [Figure 4-5]
4-5
Figure 4-5. Attitude Indicator.
30.0
29.9
29.8
Figure 4-6. Pitch Correction Using the Attitude Indicator.
30.0
29.9
29.8
Figure 4-7. Pitch Correction Using the Altimeter.
Altimeter
If the aircraft is maintaining level flight, the altimeter needles
maintain a constant indication of altitude. If the altimeter
indicates a loss of altitude, the pitch attitude must be adjusted
upward to stop the descent. If the altimeter indicates a gain
in altitude, the pitch attitude must be adjusted downward to
stop the climb. [Figure 4-7] The altimeter can also indicate
the pitch attitude in a climb or descent by how rapidly the
needles move. A minor adjustment in pitch attitude may be
made to control the rate at which altitude is gained or lost.
Pitch attitude is used only to correct small altitude changes
caused by external forces, such as turbulence or up and
down drafts.
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
In flight at a constant altitude, the VSI (sometimes referred
to as vertical velocity indicator or rate-of-climb indicator)
remains at zero. If the needle moves above zero, the pitch
attitude must be adjusted downward to stop the climb and
return to level flight. Prompt adjustments to the changes in
the indications of the VSI can prevent any significant change
in altitude. [Figure 4-8] Turbulent air causes the needle to
fluctuate near zero. In such conditions, the average of the
The miniature aircraft should be placed in the proper position
in relation to the horizon bar or horizon line before takeoff.
The aircraft operator’s manual explains this position. As soon
as practicable in level flight and at desired cruise airspeed,
the miniature aircraft should be moved to a position that
aligns its wings in front of the horizon bar or horizon line.
This adjustment can be made anytime varying loads or other
conditions indicate a need. Otherwise, the position of the
miniature aircraft should not be changed for flight at other than
cruise speed. This is to make sure that the attitude indicator
displays a true picture of pitch attitude in all maneuvers.
When using the attitude indicator in applying pitch attitude
corrections, control pressure should be extremely light.
Movement of the horizon bar above or below the miniature
aircraft of the attitude indicator in an airplane should not
exceed one-half the bar width. [Figure 4-6] If further change
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Instrument Flying Handbook仪表飞行手册上(65)
