getting to grips with COLD WEATHER OPERATIONS 寒冷天气运行(12)

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Slush is water saturated with snow, which spatters when stepping firmly on it. It is encountered at temperature around 5° C.
Snow (Metar code SN): Precipitation of ice crystals, most of which are branched, star-shaped, or mixed with unbranched crystals. At temperatures higher than about -5°C (23°F), the crystals are generally agglomerated into snowflakes.
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Dry snow: Snow which can be blown if loose or, if compacted by hand, will fall apart upon release; specific gravity: up to but not including 0.35. Dry snow is normally experienced when temperature is below freezing and can be brushed off easily from the aircraft.

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Wet snow: Snow which, if compacted by hand, will stick together and tend to or form a snowball. Specific gravity: 0.35 up to but not including 0.5. Wet snow is normally experienced when temperature is above freezing and is more difficult to remove from the aircraft structure than dry snow being sufficiently wet to adhere.

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Compacted snow: Snow which has been compressed into a solid mass that resists further compression and will hold together or break up into chunks if picked up. Specific gravity: 0.5 and over.

Snow grains (Metar code: SG) is a precipitation of very small white and opaque grains of ice. These grains are fairly flat or elongated. Their diameter is less than 1 mm (0.04 inch). When the grains hit hard ground, they do not bounce or shatter.
Snow pellets (Metar code: GS) is a precipitation of white and opaque grains of ice. These grains are spherical or sometimes conical. Their diameter is about 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 inch). Grains are brittle, easily crushed; they bounce and break on hard ground.

Supercooled water droplets is a condition where water remains liquid at negative Celsius
temperature. Supercooled drops and droplets are unstable and freeze upon impact.
Two step de-icing/anti-icing consists of two distinct steps. The first step (de-icing) is followed by the second step (anti-icing) as a separate fluid application. After de-icing a separate overspray of anti-icing fluid is applied to protect the relevant surfaces, thus providing maximum possible anti-ice capability.
Visibility: The ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of distance, to see and identify prominent unlit objects by day and prominent lit objects by night.
Visible moisture: Fog, rain, snow, sleet, high humidity (condensation on surfaces), ice crystals or when taxiways and/or runways are contaminated by water, slush or snow.
Visual meteorological conditions: Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, equal to or better than specified minima.
Wet runway: A runway is considered wet when the runway surface is covered with water, or equivalent, less than or equal to 3 mm or when there is sufficient moisture on the runway surface to cause it to appear reflective, but without significant areas of standing water.
　
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