getting to grips with COLD WEATHER OPERATIONS 寒冷天气运行(11)

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Non-Newtonian fluids have characteristics that are dependent upon an applied force. In this instance it is the viscosity of Type II and IV fluids which reduces with increasing shear force. The viscosity of Newtonian fluids depends on temperature only.
NOTAM is notice containing information concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations.
One step de-/anti-icing is carried out with an anti-icing fluid, typically heated. The fluid used to de-ice the aircraft remains on aircraft surfaces to provide limited anti-ice capability.
Precipitation: Liquid or frozen water that falls from clouds as rain, drizzle, snow, hail, or sleet.
Continuous: Intensity changes gradually, if at all. Intermittent: Intensity changes gradually, if at all, but precipitation stops and starts at least once within the hour preceding the observation.
Precipitation intensity is an indication of the amount of precipitation falling at the time of observation. It is expressed as light, moderate or heavy. Each intensity is defined with respect to the type of precipitation occurring, based either on rate of fall for rain and ice pellets or visibility for snow and drizzle. The rate of fall criteria is based on time and does not accurately describe the intensity at the time of observation.
Rain (Metar code: RA) is a precipitation of liquid water particles either in the form of drops of more than 0.5 mm (0.02 inch) diameter or of smaller widely scattered drops.
Rime (a rough white covering of ice deposited from fog at temperature below freezing). As the fog usually consists of super-cooled water drops, which only solidify on contact with a solid object, rime may form only on the windward side or edges and not on the surfaces. It can generally be removed by brushing, but when surfaces, as well as edges, are covered it will be necessary to use an approved de-icing fluid.
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Saturation is the maximum amount of water vapor allowable in the air. It is about 0.5
g/m3 at - 30°C and 5 g/m3 at 0°C for moderate altitudes.
Shear force is a force applied laterally on an anti-icing fluid. When applied to a Type II or IV fluid, the shear force will reduce the viscosity of the fluid; when the shear force is no longer applied, the anti-icing fluid should recover its viscosity. For instance, shear forces are applied whenever the fluid is pumped, forced through an orifice or when subjected to airflow. If excessive shear force is applied, the thickener system could be permanently degraded and the anti-icing fluid viscosity may not recover and may be at an unacceptable level.
SIGMET is an information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning the occurrence, or expected occurrence, of specified en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of aircraft operations.
Sleet is a precipitation in the form of a mixture of rain and snow. For operation in light sleet treat as light freezing rain.
　
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