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Generalized Automatic and Augmented
Manual Flight Control
Anthony A. Lambregts
FAA Chief Scientist Flight Guidance and Control
Tony.Lambregts@FAA.gov
Tel 425-917-6581
Berlin Technical University Colloquium May 19, 2006
Overview
• Automatic Flight Controls - State of the Art
• automation issues
• incident and accidents
• requirements
• traditional design process
• man-machine interfaces
• FAA Safety Role
• Regulations & Certification; FAR updates - high lights
• Generalized MIMO Control
• Total Energy Control System (TECS)
• Total Heading Control System (THCS)
• Condor Application
• Fly By Wire Augmented Manual Control
State of the Art
Flight Guidance & Control
throttle
δe
stick display
servo
Engine
Airplane
ΔT
sensors
clutch
clutch
servo
Autopilot
Autothrottle FADEC
Actuator
Automation Safety
Accidents & Incidents
• China Airlines B747 spiral dive after engine failure
• China Airlines A300 crash at Nagoya, Japan
• Air Inter A320 crash near Strasbourg, France
• American Airlines B757 crash neat Cali, Columbia
• Tarom A310 crash near Bucharest, Rumania
• Air France A320 crash near Habsheim France
• Britannia Airways B757 speed loss during FLCH
• British Airways B747 speed loss during FLCH
• Airbus A330 crash near Toulouse, France
• Pilot fails to monitor autopilot operation (Mexicana DC10)
Autopilot stalls airplane
• A/P roll control saturation, engine out (China Airlines B747)
• unexpected high altitude automatic disengage, out-of-trim,
pilot over controls (MD11)
• imperceptible airplane slow roll response, due to A/P
sensor failure without proper alert (Evergreen 747)
• A/P reaches roll authority limit in icing, / disconnects
without timely warning, stall (Embrair Comair, Detroit)
• Pilot tries to take manual control, A/P remains engaged,
overrides pilot (China Airlines A300, Nagoya)
• Pilot overcontrols rudder, after mild Wake Vortex
encounter. Vertical Stabilizer fails (AA A300, New York)
Accident and Incidents
Scenarios
Typical Transport Airplane
Flight Guidance & Control System
as many as 8 LRUs
Triple
FMS
• Mission Planning
• Navigation
• Performance
Autothrottle
Yaw Damper
Dual
Single
Dual
• Thrust
Rating
• Thrust Limiting
• Flare Retard
• highly complex designs
• historically evolved subsystems
• extensive functional overlap
• operational inconsistencies
• incomplete envelope
protection
• SISO control
• little or no
standardization
• Altitude
• Heading
• V-Path
• Speed • H-Path
• Vert. Spd
Autopilot
• Envelope • Autoland
Protect.
• role and expectations of pilot in automated aircraft
• automation - should not induce false sense of security
• pilot expects basic operational safety
• crew difficulty of keeping abreast of automatic operations
• operational complexities: current designs not pilot-like
• situation awareness :
• mode annunciation /caution and warnings
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