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• The axis of a 120 kt sub-tropical jet stream lay north-west to south-east between
Learmonth and Carnarvon at FL 400 (40,000 ft). A shear line was developing
south of the jet-stream as the upper trough developed.
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• Data obtained at 0600 UTC (1400 local time) on 7 October 2008 showed a shear
line associated with the upper level trough well south of the jet stream. There
was no evidence of any penetration of cold air under the jet stream that could
have lead to increased vertical wind shear.
• Three model-generated forecasts predicted an area of moderate turbulence
associated with the jet stream.
• At the time of the occurrence, the aircraft appeared to be in the vicinity of the
sub-tropical jet stream, to the near north of a shear line and well south of any
significant convection activity.
• Turbulence at a moderate or greater level was unlikely to have influenced the
aircraft at the time of the occurrence.
Flight recorders
Overview
The aircraft was fitted with three flight recorders:
• a cockpit voice recorder (CVR)
• a flight data recorder (FDR)
• a quick access recorder (QAR).
The CVR and FDR are the so-called ‘black-boxes’ and are required by regulation to
be installed on certain types of aircraft. Information recorded by the CVR and FDR
is stored in crash-protected modules.
The QAR is an optional recorder that the operator had chosen to fit to all their A330
aircraft. Information recorded by the QAR is not crash-protected. As the name
suggests, QARs allow quick access to flight data whereas FDRs require specialist
downloading equipment. The parameters that are recorded by an FDR are defined
by regulatory requirements. However, QAR systems can be configured by an
operator to record different parameters. Operators routinely use QAR data for
engineering system monitoring and fault-finding, incident investigation and flight
operations quality assurance programs.
Recording system operation
CVR system
The CVR recorded the total audio environment in the cockpit area, which may
include crew conversation, radio transmissions, aural alarms, control movements,
switch activations, engine noise and airflow noise. The CVR installed in VH-QPA
retained the last 2 hours of information in solid-state memory, operating on an
endless-loop principle.
FDR system
The FDR recorded aircraft flight data and, like the CVR, operated on an endlessloop
principle. The recording duration was required to be at least 25 hours and the
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FDR typically recorded when at least one engine was operating and stopped
recording 5 minutes after the last engine was shutdown. The FDR installed in VHQPA
recorded approximately 1,100 parameters and used solid-state memory as the
recording medium.
QAR system
Like the FDR, the QAR20 recorded aircraft flight data. The QAR installed in VHQPA
stored data on a removable magneto-optical disk with a capacity of 230
Mbytes and recorded approximately 250 parameters. Operators balance the logistics
of handling large quantities of QAR disks with the benefits of obtaining the data as
soon as possible after a flight has occurred. Typically most operators would leave a
disk inserted in the QAR for several days until the aircraft returned to a suitable
maintenance base.
Recorder recovery
The Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) supervised the removal of the
CVR, FDR and QAR disk from the aircraft in Learmonth and their dispatch to the
ATSB’s technical facilities in Canberra.21 They were received in Canberra on 8
October 2008 and were replayed immediately. Preliminary FDR data was provided
to the investigation team on 9 October 2008.
Results
CVR download
The entire 2 hours of recorded audio was successfully downloaded by ATSB
investigators in Canberra. Analysis of the audio showed that power had been
removed from the CVR soon after the aircraft arrived at the terminal in Learmonth.
As a consequence, the CVR had retained the audio recorded during the accident
sequence from prior to the initial autopilot disconnection and including both pitchdown
events.
FDR download
The FDR was downloaded by ATSB investigators in Canberra. The FDR had
recorded over 217 hours of aircraft operation, comprising the accident flight and 24
previous flights. The oldest flight recorded was QF51 on 23 September 2008.
For the accident flight, continuous data from engine start on the ground in
Singapore until after engine shutdown at Learmonth was successfully recovered.
FDR data was used to produce a sequence of events (see below) and plots (refer to
Appendix B). Figure B1 provides summary data for the whole flight, and Figures
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