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9.5 Allowable Spectrum
9.5.1 For Primary radar, the level of any spurious component shall be either 50dB down on the mean power in bandwidth or less than 100 mW, whichever results in the least spurious output (355).
NOTE: A spurious component is one outside the necessary bandwidth.
9.5.2 The bandwidth required shall be justified (356).
NOTE: A theoretical or practical evaluation of the frequency components of the output pulse could take the form of a Fourier transform of the theoretical output waveforms or a practical trial based on a spectrum analysis. In either case the evaluation should include the effects of tolerances on pulse spacing and duration and system non-linearity.
9.5.3 The equipment shall generate the output pulse patterns to minimise the bandwidth required (357).
9.5.4 The emission classification as defined in the ITU Radio Regulations Article 4 shall be stated (358).
9.5.5 For SSR, the spurious radiation of CW shall not exceed -76 dBW (359).
9.6 Radio Frequency Interference
9.6.1 Existing services have operating priority. The existing electromagnetic environment in which the equipment is to operate shall be assessed to ensure that the proposed equipment will comply with all requirements (360).
NOTE: If, after installation, a new service experiences interference from an existing service, modification of the new service must normally take place. The only exceptions are if the other service voluntarily agrees to change, or is in itself deficient and was installed after the EMC Directive 89/336/EMC came into force.
9.6.2 Recommendation: All reasonable steps should be taken to reduce the effect of interference (361).
9.6.3 For SSR, ICAO Annex 10, Vol. 4 Chapter 2 requires the incorporation of sidelobe suppression under paragraph 2.1.2.4.1 and 2.1.2.4.2 (362).
10 Spurious Return Reduction
10.1 All spurious return reduction techniques shall be defined and justified (363). NOTE: Spurious returns include clutter, garble, spurious reflections etc.
10.2 For SSR, the response of SSR ground equipment to signals not within the receiver pass band shall be at least 60dB below the normal sensitivity (364).
11 Accuracy
11.1 General
11.1.1 When used for surveillance radar approach (SRA) purpose (i.e. primary only), the accuracy shall be better than 1 degree of bearing and 55 Metres, + 5% of target range (365).
11.1.2 When used for radar separation, the intended minimum separation standard or deconfliction minima shall be justified (366).
NOTE: Guidance on factors to be considered when determining the minimum radar separation to be employed can be found in ICAO Doc 9426 ATS Planning Manual Part II, Section 2, Chapter 1 and Section 3, Chapter 2.
11.1.3 To ensure that the equipment provided can support this requirement, the radar accuracy distribution shall be defined and justified (367).
NOTE 1:Accuracy requirements are based on the Target Level of Safety (TLS) concept. These are in constant development by the ICAO General Concept of Separation Panel. The requirements in this document will be maintained in line with ICAO requirements.
NOTE 2:The TLS concept requires the determination of the probability distribution of target position. The TLS then relates how the distributions from two targets overlap. The probability of overlap should be less than the target level of safety. For information purposes Figure 1 shows the relationship between the accuracy distribution and this portion of the TLS.
11.1.4 The worst combination of error distributions shall achieve the TLS (368).
NOTE: For the system configurations covered by this document the required TLS, expressed as the probability of horizontal overlap due to loss of accuracy, is generally accepted to be 7 x 10-7 per event (i.e. two adjacent targets) which uses the radar separation minimum. The TLS depends on the operational purpose of the system.
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CAP 670 Air Traffic Services Safety Requirements 2(83)
