CHAPTER 21
COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 21-1
CREW CONCEPT BRIEFING GUIDE ............................................................................... 21-3
Description.................................................................................................................... 21-3
COMMON TERMS .............................................................................................................. 21-3
Pretakeoff Briefing (IFR/VFR)...................................................................................... 21-3
Crew Coordination Approach Sequence........................................................................ 21-5
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ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Title Page
21-1 Situational Awareness in the Cockpit .................................................................... 21-2
21-2 Command and Leadership ..................................................................................... 21-2
21-3 Communication Process......................................................................................... 21-4
21-4 Decision-Making Process ...................................................................................... 21-4
21-5 Crew Performance Standards................................................................................. 21-6
TABLES
Table Title Page
21-1 Altitude Callouts—Enroute.................................................................................... 21-8
21-2 Altitude Callouts—Approach (Precision).............................................................. 21-8
21-3 Altitude Callouts—Approach (Nonprecision) ....................................................... 21-8
21-4 Altitude Callouts—Callouts of Significant Deviation ........................................... 21-8
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INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes crew resource management program. Information is provided on
the crew concept briefing guide and altitude callouts between pilots.
CHAPTER 21
COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
(CRM)
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CAPTAIN
INDIVIDUAL
S/A
COPILOT
INDIVIDUAL
S/A
IT's UP TO YOU!
CLUES TO IDENTIFYING:
• Loss of Situational Awareness
• Links in the Error Chain
HUMAN OPERATIONAL
1. FAILURE TO MEET TARGETS
2. UNDOCUMENTED PROCEDURE
3. DEPARTURE FROM SOP
4. VIOLATING MINIMUMS OR LIMITATIONS
5. NO ONE "FLYING AIRPLANE"
6. NO ONE "LOOKING OUT WINDOW"
7. COMMUNICATIONS
8. AMBIGUITY
9. UNRESOLVED DISCREPANCIES
10. PREOCCUPATION OR DISTRACTION
11. CONFUSION OR EMPTY FEELING
12.
Remember
2 + 2 = 2
- or -
2 + 2 = 5
(Synergy)
GROUP
S/A
Figure 21-1. Situational Awareness in the Cockpit
LEADERSHIP STYLES
PARTICIPATION
LOW HIGH
AUTOCRATIC
STYLE
(EXTREME)
DEMOCRATIC
LEADERSHIP
STYLE
AUTHORITARIAN
LEADERSHIP
STYLE
LAISSEZFAIRE
STYLE
(EXTREME)
Command — Designated by Organization
— Cannot be Shared
Leadership — Shared among Crewmembers
— Focuses on "What's right," not "Who's right"
Figure 21-2. Command and Leadership
CREW CONCEPT BRIEFING GUIDE
DESCRIPTION
Experience has shown that adherence to SOPs helps to enhance individual and crew cockpit situational
awareness and will allow a higher performance level to be attained. Our objective is
for standards to be agreed upon prior to flight and then adhered to, such that maximum crew
performance is achieved. These procedures are not intended to supercede any individual company
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