曝光台 注意防骗
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is limited, the range of movement of the
CG is restricted so proper aircraft stability
and control is maintained.
Stability increases as the CG moves forward.
However, if the CG is located out of limits too
far forward, the aircraft may become so nose
heavy that it cannot be rotated at the proper
speed or flared for landing.
Locating the CG aft of limits is considerably
worse because the stability decreases.
Eventually the airplane becomes unstable.
BASIC FORMULA
Weight x Arm = Moment
This is the basic formula upon which all weight
and balance calculations are based. Remember
that the arm or CG location can be found by
adapting the formula as follows:
Arm = Moment
Weight
WEIGHT SHIFT FORMULA
Weight Shifted = Distance CG is shifted (x)
Total weight Distance weight is shifted
The above formula can be utilized to shift
weight if the CG is found to be out of limits.
Use of this formula avoids working the entire
problem over again.
WEIGHT ADDITION OR
REMOVAL
If weight is to be added or removed after a
weight and balance has been computed, a
simple formula can be used to determine the
shift in the center of gravity.
Weight added Distance the
(or removed) = CG is shifted
New total weight Distance between
the weight arm and
the old CG arm
If it is desired to find the weight change needed
to accomplish a particular CG change, the
formula can be adapted as follows:
Weight to be added Distance the
(or removed) = CG is shifted
Old total weight Distance between
the weight arm and
the new CG arm
DEFINITIONS
General
Basic Empty Weight—Standard empty weight
plus installed optional equipment. This is the
weight reflected on the Weight and Balance
Data Form supplied with the airplane.
MAC—Mean Aerodynamic Chord is an engineering
term that represents an airfoil’s chord
in aircraft design. As such, it is a constant
length, which is also used in the calculation
of center-of-gravity location in terms of percent
MAC.
Operational Landing Weight—This is the
weight at the start of touchdown. It is subject
to airport, operational, and related restrictions.
It must not exceed maximum landing weight.
Operational Takeoff Weight—This is the weight
at the start at the takeoff run. It is subject to
airport, operational, and related restrictions. It
must not exceed maximum takeoff weight.
CITATION MUSTANG OPERATING MANUAL
510OM-00 19-3
CITATION MUSTANG OPERATING MANUAL
Payload—Zero fuel weight minus basic empty
weight. This is the weight of crew, passengers,
baggage, and cargo.
Ramp Weight—Operational takeoff weight
plus fuel necessary for start, taxi, and run-up.
It must not exceed maximum ramp weight.
Standard Empty Weight—Weight of standard
airplane including standard items.
Standard Items—Equipment and fluids not an
integral part of a particular airplane and not a
variation for the same type of airplane. These
items may include, but are not limited to the
following:
• Unusable fuel
• Trapped fuel
• Engine oil
• All hydraulic fluid
• Serviced fire extinguisher
Trapped Fuel—Fuel remaining when airplane
is defueled by normal means using the procedures
and attitudes specified for draining
the tanks.
Unusable Fuel—Fuel remaining after a fuel
run-out test has been completed in accordance
with governmental regulations.
Usable Fuel—Fuel available for flight planning.
Useful Load—Difference between takeoff
weight, or ramp weight if applicable, and basic
empty weight. It includes payload, usable fuel,
and other usable fluids not included as standard
items.
Zero Fuel Weight—Basic empty weight plus
payload. It must not exceed maximum zero fuel
weight.
Weight Limitations
Maximum Landing Weight—Maximum weight
approved for the landing touchdown.
Maximum Ramp Weight—Maximum weight
for ground maneuvers as limited by airplane
strength and airworthiness requirements. It
includes weight of start, taxi, and run-up fuel.
Maximum Takeoff Weight—Maximum weight
for takeoff as limited by airplane strength and
airworthiness requirements. This is the maximum
weight approved for the start of the
takeoff run.
Maximum Zero Fuel Weight—Maximum weight
allowed exclusive of usable fuel.
19-4 510OM-00
CITATION MUSTANG OPERATING MANUAL
MAXIMUM WEIGHT LIMITS
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