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speeds
• Approach speeds should be increased
• It may not be practical to use a shortfield
technique (Do not land!)
Lower nose, FLAP 0o
79 kt (BROC) or whatever
climb configuration is required
57 kt (BAOC)
To 200ft or until
clear of obstacles
“40 kt”
“51 kt ROTATE”
FLAP 10o
Power Vs Brakes
Appropriate
mixture and
power check
For soft field
apply full back
pressure until
rotation
Air Exercise
• Take-off – refer to 4-15 and 4-22 in POH
Apply maximum braking
without skidding
Maintain full back pressure
Retract flaps
Minimal hold-off and flare
Initiate touchdown with idle power
Increase power as
required to manage aim
point and airspeed
Normal approach until
300ft (65 kts and flap 30)
Raise nose for 62 kt
APPROACH
PROFILE
DOES NOT
CHANGE
Air Exercise
• Landing – refer 4-16 & 4-32 POH
Airmanship
• Lookout
• Smooth coordinated use of controls
• Restrict power on gravel surfaces
• Higher speeds may be required in gusty
conditions
• A common fault is a higher descent rate
with lower speed – use more power
• If in doubt with approach, go around
• Correct handover/takeover procedure
Spinning Mass Brief
Aim
• To understand the aerodynamic principles
and considerations of spinning (A
condition of stalled flight)
• Know how spins develop, and how to
recover from a fully developed spin.
Application
• Used in aerobatics
• Accidental stall with incorrect recovery
technique
Overview
• Revision
• Definitions
• Principles
– Spin
• Considerations
– Types of spins
– C.G.
– Autorotation
– Types of spins
– C.G.
– Autorotation
– Spin vs Spiral
dive
• Air Exercise
• Airmanship
• Review
Revision
CL
CL
CL
CL
L
L
L L
W W W W
110kt
4o
70kt
8o
44kt
16o
<44kt
>16o
IAS
AoA
Revision
Usual Symptoms Close to the stall
1. High nose attitude
2. Low IAS
3. Reduced effectiveness of controls
4. Stall Warning
5. Control Buffet
Symptoms of a stall
1. Loss of height
2. Nose Pitch Down
Definitions
• A spin
– A condition of stalled flight
where the aircraft loses height
rapidly in a spiral descent.
– Occurs due to a stall in which
one wing stalls before the
other (wing drop), and this
wing drop is not corrected.
Principles
• Occurs at low airspeeds
Considerations
• Two types of spin:
Flat spin
– High nose attitude
– Increased drag
– Relatively low rate of rotation
– Relatively low rate of descent
Considerations
Steep spin
– Low nose attitude
– Higher rate of rotation
– Higher rate of descent
Considerations
• Centre of gravity
– Forward C.G. causes a nose
down tendency, giving a
steeper spin
– Rearward C.G. causes a
nose pitch up tendency,
giving a flatter spin, harder to
recover
Considerations
• Autorotation
– Occurs in the initial stages of the stall
Two main features:
1. Auto roll
The more deeply the dropping wing stalls, the more
the aircraft wants to roll into the direction of the spin.
2. Auto yaw
The dropping wing will generate more drag, yawing
the aircraft into the spin.
Considerations
• Spin Vs. Spiral Dive
Spin Spiral Dive
– Low IAS (Stalled) – High and increasing
IAS (Not Stalled)
– High rate of rotation – Lower rate of rotation
– Low noise level – High noise level
– Possible buffet
Air Exercise
• Pre Entry
– Lookout
– Pick reference point
– Manoeuvre checks:
– H
– H
– E
– L
– L
– L
eight sufficient to recover by 3000ft AGL!
atches/Harnesses secure
ngine Temperature & Pressures
ocation – not above a populated area
oose articles secure
ookout (360 degree turn)
Air Exercise
• Entry
– Reduce power to idle, keep straight with rudder,
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