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aeroplane performance and handling
and increase the possibility of structural
damage. The smoothness of a runway
CAAP 92-1(1) Guidelines for aeroplane landing areas
-6-
can be tested by driving a stiffly sprung
vehicle along the runway at a speed of
at least 75 kph. If this is accomplished
without discomfort to the occupants, the
surface can be considered satisfactory.
9.2 Soft, Wet Surfaces. A test vehicle
as indicated in the table below should be
driven in a zig-zag pattern at a speed
not exceeding 15 kph along the full
length and width of the runway.
Particular attention should be paid to
suspect areas with possibly three
passes over these areas. If tyre imprints
exceed a depth of 25mm the surface is
not suitable for aircraft operations
represented by the test vehicle.
Experience may prove that for a certain
type of aircraft (eg, an aircraft with small
wheels or high tyre pressure) operations
are unsafe with a lesser imprint. Testing
with a crowbar should also be done in
several places along the runway to
ensure that a dry surface crust does not
conceal a wet base.
GYROSCOPES
Aim
• To understand the principles of
gyroscopes and the considerations
involved in their operation
Application
• Used when relying on the gyroscopic
instruments
• AH, DG and T&B
Overview
• Definitions
• Principles
• Considerations
– Gyroscope Errors / Limitations
• Airmanship
• Review
Revision
Definitions
Gyroscope
• A rotating mass, mounted so that its axis
is free to move in one or more directions.
Shows characteristics of rigidity and
precession
Definitions
Rigidity
• ability of a gyroscope to maintain their alignment
in space despite what occurs around them
Definitions
Precession
• the tendency for a force to be displaced 90 further on in
the direction of rotation, from where it was applied
Principles
Rigidity
• degree of rigidity depends upon mass of
rotor, the rotational speed, and the radius
at which the mass is concentrated. So, a
large mass concentrated near the rim
and rotating at high speeds provides
the greatest rigidity.
Principles
• Driving the Gyro
– Electrical
– Vacuum
Principles
Types of Gyroscopes
• Tied Gyro
– is tied to a desired position by an external force.
• Earth Gyro
– is free to move in two planes. Controlled by gravity
and is referenced to the centre of the Earth.
• Rate Gyro
– measures a rate of change.
Principles
Power Sources
• Air Driven
– air directed on buckets to drive rotor. System
is unserviceable when vacuum pump fails,
which is indicated on the suction gauge.
• Electrically Driven
– rotates gyro at higher speed (greater rigidity).
Unserviceable with electrical failure, indicated
by annunciation.
Principles
• Artificial Horizon
Principles
• Directional Gyro
Principles
• Turn Co-ordinator
Considerations
Apparent Wander
• due to Earth’s rotation. As aircraft moves over
ground, the line in space from the aircraft to
North will steadily change. Predicted using 15s
in Latitude
Real Wander
• due to gyroscopic imperfections (lack of rigidity).
Can not be predicted.
Failures
• vacuum failure = AH and DG unserviceable
• electrical failure = T&B unserviceable
Airmanship
• Align gyroscopes prior to use
• Know suction limitations
• Taxi checks
• Be aware of failures
Review
INSTRUMENT FLIGHT
Aim
• To learn to correctly fly an aircraft accurately,
solely by reference to the aircraft instruments.
Application
• To exit cloud upon inadvertent entry.
• Precision control coordination.
• Practice towards a NVFR or CIR.
Overview
Revision
Rate One Turn
• Completion of 360 in 2 minutes. (3/sec)
AoB = 10% IAS + 7
Definitions
Instrument Scan
• Method used to cross reference the
instruments, checking our performance
Principles
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
40 9
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
L R
AH Artificial Horizon (Vacuum
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