曝光台 注意防骗
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appropriate altitude and won’t fly into controlled
airspace without a clearance
appropriate radio frequencies and Nav Aids, Make
appropriate radio broadcasts
Air Exercise
• En-Route
– Aviate
– Navigate – use the mnemonic: Watch –
Map – Ground
– Communicate
– 1:60 Calculation
– Ground speed check
– Revise ETA
Air Exercise
• TOD
– Calculate top of descent
– Approach briefing
• Arrival
– Join circuit
Navigation Mass Brief
Aim
• To understand the principles and
considerations of navigation, in order to
navigate from one point to another with
sole reference to visual cues.
Application
• To fly cross-country from one airport to
another
• PPL and CPL flights require cross-country
flying
Overview
• Revision
• Definitions
• Principles
• Considerations
• Air Exercise
• Airmanship
Revision
• Compasses
– What kind of heading do compasses show?
– What kind of heading do maps show?
– How is a true bearing converted to a magnetic
bearing?
– Where can the amount of variation required
be found?
Definitions
• Visual Fix
– Determining the aircraft’s position with respect to
ground features using three identifiable features
(Must be able to positively fix the aircraft’s position
every 30 minutes by visual fix)
• Dead reckoning (Deduced Reckoning)
– Navigation by applying a wind velocity to a track in
order to calculate a heading and ground speed from a
previously known position. Then given an elapsed
time, the position of the aircraft can be determined.
• Map reading – Map interpretation
– Methodology: orientate the map to the direction the
aircraft is travelling. Then Watch – Map – Ground.
Definitions
• Various Types of charts Available
– WAC
• World Aeronautical Chart, is a chart showing a
large area in relatively little detail. Only shows
geographic information, no airspace information.
Definitions
– VNC
• Visual Navigational Chart, shows a relatively big
area in high detail, including geographical
information, airspace boundary, frequency, nav-aid
and other important information
Definitions
– VTC
• Visual Terminal Chart, shows the same information
as VNC, for only a small area, but in higher detail.
Definitions
– PCA
• Planning Chart Australia, for use in weather
planning and weather forecast decode.
Definitions
– ERC LOW
• En Route Chart (Low Level), has only airspace,
navaid, frequency, track and waypoint information
for Instrument Flight. Doesn’t have geographical
information. Shows a very big area in small detail.
• If you superimpose ERC onto WAC you will get
VNC information.
Definitions
• Flight plan
– A standardised ICAO form used to lodge flight details to air traffic
services. The flight plan details all the particulars of a flight.
• CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency)
– A frequcency pilots can communicate information on whilst
operating in an aerodrome without an operating tower
• CTAF aerodrome
– Common Traffic Advisory Frequency Aerodrome, the dimensions
of which are 5nm radius and 3000ft AGL
• MBZ (Mandatory Broadcast Zone) Frequency
– A frequency for a zone where radios must be carried and be
serviceable.
• MBZ aerodrome
– Mandatory Broadcast Zone Aerodrome, the dimensions of which
are 15nm radius and 5000ft AGL
Definitions
• CTA – Controlled Airspace
– A portion of airspace which is controlled, extending upwards
from one specified height (the lower limit) to another specified
height (the upper limit)
• OCTA – Outside Controlled Airspace
– An Airspace classification, airspace is classified into various
classes that have their corresponding procedural requirements.
• UTC – Universal Coordinated Time
– A standardised time (irrespective of position on earth or time
zone)
• ETA – Estimated Time of Arrival
– The time the aircraft is due to arrive at a designated point,
expressed in UTC
• ETD – Estimated Time of Departure
– The time the aircraft is expected to depart an aerodrome (usually
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