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obstacles above the approach and takeoff
areas, runways, runway strips, flyover
areas or water channels;
“runway” means that portion of the
landing area which is intended to be
used for the landing or take-off of
aeroplanes;
“runway strip” means a portion of
ground between the runway and fly-over
area which is in a condition that ensures
minimal damage to an aeroplane which
may run off a runway during take-off or
landing;
“water alighting area” means a suitable
stretch of water for the landing or takingoff
of a float plane under specific
conditions.
2 - CONVERSION TABLE
2. Landing area gradients and splays
expressed as a percentage, in
accordance with ICAO practice, may be
converted into ratios or angles using the
following table:
Percentage Ratios Degrees &
Minutes
1 1:100 0 34’
2 1:50 1 09’
2.5 1:40 1 26’
2.86 1:35 1 38’
3 1:33.3 1 43’
3.33 1:30 1 55’
5 1:20 2 52’
12.5 1:8 7 08’
20 1:5 11 18’
Guidelines for aeroplane landing areas CAAP 92-1(1)
-3-
3 - WHICH AIRCRAFT MAY USE A
LANDING AREA?
3. Use of landing areas other than
aerodromes is not recommended for
aircraft with a MTOW greater than 5700
kg.
4 - WHICH TYPES OF OPERATIONS
MAY BE CONDUCTED FROM A
LANDING AREA?
4. Aeroplanes engaged in the following
operations may use a landing area:
(a) private;
(b) aerial work—excluding student
solo flying and student dual
flying prior to successful
completion of the General
Flying Progress Test; and
(c) charter.
5 - RECOMMENDED MINIMUM
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
LANDING AREAS AND WATER
ALIGHTING AREAS
5.1 Runway Width. For other than
agricultural operations, a minimum width
of 15 metres is recommended although
aeroplanes with a MTOW below 2000kg
can be operated safely on runways as
narrow as 10 metres provided there is
no or only light cross-wind. For
agricultural operations, a 10 metre wide
runway is the recommended minimum.
5.2 Runway Length. For other than
agricultural operations by day, a runway
length equal to or greater than that
specified in the aeroplane's flight manual
or approved performance charts or
certificate of airworthiness, for the
prevailing conditions is required
(increasing the length by an additional
15% is recommended when unfactored
data is used). For agricultural day
operations, the minimum runway length
is the greater of 75% of the take-off
distance specified in the aeroplane's
flight manual or approved performance
chart for the prevailing conditions with
the balance as clearway or the landing
distance so specified.
5.3 Longitudinal Slope. The
longitudinal slope between the runway
ends should not exceed 2%, except that
2.86% is acceptable on part of the
runway so long as the change of slope is
gradual. For agricultural operations, the
slope should not exceed 12.5% for day
and 2% for night operations: where the
overall slope exceeds 2% the runway
should only be used for one-way
operations — downhill for take-off and
uphill for landing.
5.4 Transverse Slope. The transverse
slope between the extreme edges of the
runway strip should not exceed 2.5% or
12.5% upward slope over the fly-over
area. For agricultural day operations,
the transverse slope should not be more
than 3% over the runway and 5% over
the runway strip.
5.5 Other Physical Characteristics.
Both ends of a runway, not intended
solely for agricultural operations, should
have approach and take-off areas clear
of objects above a 5% slope for day and
a 3.3% slope for night operations. Other
recommended landing area physical
characteristics are shown on the
following diagrams:
Figure 2A - Single engined and Centre-Line
Thrust Aeroplanes not exceeding 2000 kg
MTOW (day operations)
Figure 2B - Other Aeroplanes (day
operations)
CAAP 92-1(1) Guidelines for aeroplane landing areas
-4-
Figure 3 - Dimensions (night operations)
Figure 4 - Dimensions - agricultural day
operations
Figure 5 - Dimensions - agriculture night
operations
5.6 Float plane alighting areas. For
water operations, a minimum width water
channel of 60 metres for day operations
and 90 metres for night operations is
recommended. The depth of water over
the whole water channel should not be
less than 0.3 metres below the hull or
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