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– Taxiway lighting is either green centreline or blue
sideline lights.
– Holding point is amber lighting.
– Obstacles have red flashing light at top.
Principles
• Aerodrome Required lighting (AIP ENR 1.1-87:
70.1b)
– An aircraft must not take off or land at an aerodrome
at night unless the following lighting is operating:
– For a PVT, AWK or CHTR Aircraft: Runway edge
lighting, threshold lighting, illuminated wind direction
indicator and obstacle lighting.
– NOTE if the illuminated wind direction indicator is not
available, the aircraft may continue if the wind velocity
information can be obtained from an approved
observer
Principles
• Aircraft Instruments required for NVMC (CAO 20.18 –
Appendix IV):
– Air speed indicator (must have alternate static source)
– Altimeter (must have alternate static source)
– Direct reading compass
– A clock with hours, minutes and seconds
– Outside air temperature indicator
– Attitude indicator (Artificial Horizon) (if doing NVFR Freight or
Pax charter need duplicated sources of power supply)
– A heading indicator (Directional Gyroscope) (if doing NVFR
Freight or Pax charter need duplicated sources of power supply)
– A turn and slip indicator (if doing NVFR Freight or Pax charter
need duplicated sources of power supply)
– Means of indicating power to gyros
Principles
• Electric lighting equipment for NVMC (CAO 20.18 –
Appendix V):
– Lighting shall be such that:
• Illuminated items are easily readable
• Its direct or reflected rays are shielded from pilots eyes
• There is an alternative power source if normal power is lost
• It emanates from fixed installations
• Intensity control of the lighting unless it is demonstrated that the
non-dimmed instrument lights are satisfactory under all conditions of
flight likely to be encountered.
– 1 landing light (unless doing Pax charter need 2 landing lights or
single lamp with two separately energised filaments).
– Lights in all passenger compartments
– Pilots compartment lights; suitable for reading maps and other
flight documents.
– Emergency lighting as a shockproof torch for each crew
member.
Principles
• Position and Collision lights (CAR 196):
– The following navigation lights:
• An unobstructed red light projected above and below the horizontal plane
through an angle from dead ahead to 110 degrees port (left)
• An unobstructed green light projected above and below the horizontal plane
through and angle from dead ahead to 110 degrees starboard (right)
• An unobstructed white light projecting above and below the horizontal plane
rearward through an angle of 140 degrees, equally distributed on the left and
right sides.
– The navigation lights shall be steady lights (unless CASA otherwise
directs)
– If aircraft is in flight or operating in aerodrome area, in addition to
navigation lights shall have an anti-collision flashing red light visible in all
directions within 30 degrees above and below horizontal plane of the
aircraft.
– Where the lights are flashing lights, the aircraft:
(a) shall display an additional flashing white light visible in all directions;
and
(b) may display an additional flashing red rear light;
in accordance with such requirements as CASA, having regard to Annex 8
of the Convention, specifies in Civil Aviation Orders.
Principles
• Aircraft lighting
Considerations
• Sensory Illusions
– Vestibular organs
• 3 semi-circular organs in the inner ear which detect
accelerations by moving tiny hair follicles
• Constant velocity or gradual changes in velocity is
not detected
Considerations
• Somatogravic Illusion
– Acceleration / Deceleration causes sensations
of up / down pitch. Worst at night during a goaround
or climb.
– Climb/go-around should be completed with
100% reference to aircraft instruments
Considerations
• Sensory Illusions
– Spatial Disorientation
• Disagreement of senses
• Slow roll to left not detected by senses. Correct with right
bank. Senses detect the right bank and instruments show
S&L!
• Causes vertigo/leans.
– Partial Panel Failure
• Detect failed instruments by cross-checking other
instruments. Use inverted V scan
• DG fails, supplement with magnetic compass. Remember
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