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• Calculate the height required to descend to be 1500ft AGL at
the airports boundary
• Divide the height loss required by 500ft, this will give you the
number of minutes required to conduct the descent. Add 2
minutes onto this figure to account for approach and
manoeuvring
• Subtract the above number from the ETA, and you will have
a time to start the descent
In-Flight Principles
• Arrival
– All requirements etc, detailed in AIP
– When approaching a CTAF or MBZ, the pilot
must before crossing any area boundary,
broadcast:
• Aerodrome
• Call-sign and aircraft type
• Position
• Altitude
• Intentions
– Ascertain wind direction
– Join the circuit
In-Flight Principles
• Departure
– When taxiing for departure the pilot must broadcast:
• Aerodrome
• Call-sign and aircraft type
• Runway to be used
• Destination or departure quadrant or intention
– Do not conduct intersection departure
– Broadcast a departure call
– An aircraft must not execute a turn opposite to the
circuit direction unless:
• It has climbed straight ahead 1500’ AGL; or
• It is at least 3 Nm from the aerodrome
– Can depart overhead at 1500’ AGL
– Remember to calculate performance chart for take-off
In-Flight Principles
• Aviate – Navigate – Communicate (Cockpit Cycle)
– Aviate
• Correctly handle the aircraft, operate within limits, keep obstacle
clearance, traffic separation and cloud separation
– Navigate – use the mnemonic: Watch – Map – Ground
• Watch: Determine ETI elapsed, from ETI estimate ground speed
and determine distance travelled
• Map: Along the marked track, locate the distance travelled allowing
for being off-track. Identify large features, then smaller ones in the
area
• Ground: Look for the identified features, need three for a positive fix
of the aircraft’s position
– Communicate
• Correctly use the radio, broadcast intentions using appropriate
phraseology and broadcast requirements.
In-Flight Principles
• The CLEAR check
– Used at every turning point and at half way points on
long legs, and any other time the pilot feels
appropriate.
– C: Compass to DG realignment, Check Course flown
– L: Log Time, Check fuel Log and SARTIME
– E: Engine Indications, Check fuel quantity,
temperatures and pressures, lean the aircraft.
– A: Altitude and Airspace, Check you are at an
appropriate altitude and won’t fly into controlled
airspace without a clearance
– R: Radio’s and Radio Nav Aids, Check and set
appropriate radio frequencies and Nav Aids, Make
appropriate radio broadcasts
Considerations
• Weather
– Know how to decode and analyse the weather
forecast
– Know VMC requirements for VFR flight
– Have a valid weather forecast
– When is End Of Daylight (EOD) and will you
arrive before EOD?
Considerations
• Cruising levels
– An appropriate cruising
height should be
selected.
– Must be strictly used
above 5000 feet
• QNH
– Area QNH or Local QNH should be set on
altimeter subscale
– Can obtain QNH from TAF, or request QNH on
FLIGHTWATCH frequency
Considerations
• SARTIME
– Not all flights need to have a SARTIME,
however it is good airmanship to utilise this
facility
– SARTIME must be nominated in UTC
• Flight Plans
– All flight into Controlled airspace must lodge a
flight plan
– Flight plans should be lodged 30 minutes prior
to departure
Airmanship
• Thorough pre-flight inspection
• Must take current maps, ERSA, trip sheet,
pencils and any other aids to conduct the flight
• CLEAR checks will ensure you don’t forget
anything, so remember to use them
• Maintain good situational awareness and look
well ahead of the aircraft’s current position to try
and anticipate any required actions
• Us the cockpit cycle (Aviate – Navigate –
Communicate)
• Don’t be afraid to ask for assistance if in trouble,
Air traffic services are there to help pilots!
NIGHT CIRCUITS
Aim
• To take-off safely, complete a circuit and
land correctly at night.
Application
中国航空网 www.aero.cn
航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
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