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accelerating to speeds approaching MMO. When the Mach trim system is
operative, the airplane exhibits a nose up trim change that increases steadily as the
airplane accelerates to speeds approaching MMO. The stabilizer motion
associated with this nose up trim change is imperceptible without careful scrutiny
of the aisle stand indicator.
As speed nears MMO, drag increases rapidly. At high weights, sufficient thrust
may not be available to accelerate to MMO in level flight at normal cruising
altitudes.
ETOPS
Extended Range Operation with Two Engine Airplanes (ETOPS) are those flights
which include points at a flying distance greater than one hour (in still air) single
engine cruise speed from an adequate airport. Improved technology and the
increased reliability of two engine airplanes has prompted a re-examination of the
rules governing their flights over oceans or desolate areas.
ETOPS Requirements and Approval
Operators conducting ETOPS are required to comply with the provisions of FAA
Advisory Circular 120-42A or other applicable governing regulations. An airline
must have an ETOPS configured airplane, and approved flight operations and
maintenance programs in place to support ETOPS operations.
The Minimum Equipment List (MEL) and the Dispatch Deviation Guide (DDG)
include dispatch relief levels appropriate to ETOPS.
The airline ensures that the ETOPS airplane is in compliance with the
requirements of the appropriate Boeing Configuration, Maintenance and
Procedures (CMP) documents. The airline's maintenance department must
develop programs which monitor and report reliability of the engines, airframe
and components. The Minimum Equipment List (MEL) and the Dispatch
Deviation Guide (DDG) have been expanded to address the improved redundancy
levels and the additional equipment unique to ETOPS configured airplanes.
October 31, 2004
767 Flight Crew Training Manual
Climb, Cruise, Descent and
Holding
Copyright © The Boeing Company. See title page for details.
4.14 FCT 767 (TM)
Flight and Performance
Crews undertaking ETOPS flights must be familiar with the suitable enroute
alternates listed in the flight plan. These airports must meet ETOPS weather
minima which require an incremental increase above conventional alternate
minimums, and be located so as to ensure that the airplane can divert and land in
the event of a system failure requiring a diversion.
Planning an ETOPS flight requires an understanding of the area of operations,
critical fuel reserves, altitude capability, cruise performance tables and icing
penalties. The Operations Manual provides guidance to compute critical fuel
reserves which are essential for the flight crew to satisfy the requirements of the
ETOPS flight profile. Fuel corrections must be made for winds, non-standard
atmospheric conditions, performance deterioration caused by engines or airframe,
and (if applicable) flight through forecast icing conditions.
Procedures
Normal procedures on ETOPS flights do not differ from standard operation.
However, during the last hour of ETOPS cruise, the FAA currently requires that a
fuel crossfeed valve check be performed on aircraft with a single crossfeed valve.
This verifies that the crossfeed valve is operating so that on the subsequent flight,
if an engine fails, fuel feed is available from both main tanks through the crossfeed
valve.
ETOPS engine-out procedures may be different from standard non-normal
procedures. Following engine failure the crew performs a modified “driftdown”
procedure determined by the ETOPS route requirements. This procedure typically
uses higher descent and cruise speeds, and a lower cruise altitude following engine
failure. This permits the airplane to reach an alternate airport within the specific
time limits authorized for that operator. These cruise speeds and altitudes are
determined by the airline and approved by its regulatory agency and usually differ
from the engine-out speeds provided by the FMC. The captain however, has the
discretion to modify this speed if actual conditions following the diversion
decision dictate such a change.
Polar Operations
Refer to the FMC Polar Navigation section of the Operations Manual for specifics
on FMC operation in polar regions and a description of the boundaries of the polar
regions.
During preflight planning extremely cold air masses should be noted and cold fuel
temperatures should be considered. See the Low Fuel Temperature section in this
chapter for details regarding recommendations and crew actions.
October 31, 2004
767 Flight Crew Training Manual
Climb, Cruise, Descent and
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767机组训练手册Flight Crew Training Manual (FCTM)767(53)
