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Pushbacks present a serious hazard to ground personnel. There have been many
accidents where personnel were run over by the airplane wheels during the
pushback process.
Pushback or towing involves three phases:
• positioning and connecting the tug and tow bar
• moving the airplane
• disconnecting the tow bar.
Proper training of both pilots and ground maintenance and good communication
between the flight deck and ground personnel is essential for a safe pushback
operation.
The headset operator, who is walking in the vicinity of the nose wheel, is usually
the person injured or killed in the majority of the accidents. Procedures that do not
have personnel in the vicinity of the nose wheels are key to reducing the
possibility of these type accidents.
Note: Pushback or tow out is normally accomplished with all hydraulic systems
pressurized and the nose wheel steering locked out.
The captain should ensure that all appropriate checklists are completed prior to
airplane movement. All passengers should be in their seats, all doors closed and
all equipment away from the airplane. After tow tractor and tow bar have been
connected obtain a pushback clearance from ground control. Engine start may be
accomplished during the pushback or delayed until the pushback is completed.
Ground personnel should be on headset to observe and communicate to the flight
crew any possible safety hazards.
Note: The aircraft should not be taxied away from a gate, or pushback position,
unless the marshaller clears the airplane to taxi.
Backing with Reverse Thrust
Backing with reverse thrust is not recommended and may be prohibited by the
AFM.
October 31, 2004
767 Flight Crew Training Manual
Ground Operations
Copyright © The Boeing Company. See title page for details.
FCT 767 (TM) 2.3
Taxi
Taxi General
An airport diagram should be kept in a location readily available to both
crewmembers during taxi. The following guidelines aid in conducting safe and
efficient taxi operations:
Prior to Taxi
• both pilots verify the correct airplane parking position is entered into the
FMC
• brief applicable items from airport diagrams and related charts
• ensure both crewmembers understand the expected taxi route
• write down the taxi clearance when received.
During Taxi
• progressively follow taxi position on the airport diagram
• during low visibility conditions, call out all signs to verify position
• if unfamiliar with the airport consider requesting a FOLLOW ME vehicle
or progressive taxi instructions
• use standard radio phraseology
• read back all clearances. If any crewmember is in doubt regarding the
clearance, verify taxi routing with the written clearance or with ATC. Stop
the airplane if the clearance is in doubt
• when ground/obstruction clearance is in doubt, stop the airplane and
obtain a wing-walker
• avoid distractions during critical taxi phases; plan ahead for checklist
accomplishment and company communications
• consider delaying checklist accomplishment until stopped during low
visibility operations
• do not allow ATC or anyone else to rush you
• verify the runway is clear (both directions) and clearance is received prior
to entering a runway
• be constantly aware of the equipment, structures, and aircraft behind the
airplane when the engines are above idle thrust
• consider using the taxi light to visually indicate movement
• at night use all appropriate airplane lighting
• when entering any active runway ensure the exterior lights specified in
the FCOM are illuminated.
Prior to Landing
• plan/brief the expected taxiway exit and route to parking.
October 31, 2004
767 Flight Crew Training Manual
Ground Operations
Copyright © The Boeing Company. See title page for details.
2.4 FCT 767 (TM)
After Landing
• ensure taxi instructions are clearly understood, especially when crossing
closely spaced parallel runways
• delay company communications until clear of all runways.
Flight Deck Perspective
There is a large area near the airplane where personnel, obstacles or guidelines on
the ground cannot be seen, particularly in the oblique view across the flight deck.
Special care must be exercised in the parking area and while taxiing. When
parked, the pilot should rely on ground crew communications to a greater extent
to ensure a safe, coordinated operation.
The pilot’s seat should be adjusted for optimum eye position. The rudder pedals
should be adjusted so that it is possible to apply maximum braking with full rudder
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767机组训练手册Flight Crew Training Manual (FCTM)767(27)
