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Cognitive Workload Allocation
The evolution of procedures and the new technologies introduced under free flight operations reflect only the tip of the iceberg of mental task load changes for pilots, controllers, and operations personnel. While there are needs to analyze and accommodate changes in the physical aspects of the new functions and methods (e.g., work station design, work space environmental parameters, equipment configurations, supervisory controls, staffing schedules), the most challenging and complex change will occur in the cognitive demands imposed by new procedures, tightly coupled supporting systems, increasingly complex software configurations, active user collaboration, dynamic air traffic situations, mixed equipage, increased variety of traffic patterns, and non-standard scenarios. Both new means to measure and revise threshold criteria (e.g., sector complexity and workload factors) are required to assess these impacts on operator workloads. Implementing free flight may result in revised human cognitive tasks associated with such considerations as changing memory demands, attention, situational awareness, fail soft and recovery, and transitions in phases of flight. New automation tools will impose a variety of sub-cognitive models for the controller and pilot. To assess how well these tasks and models are (and need to be) defined, structured, trained, maintained, and fully understood in routine and emergency conditions will place heavy demands on the resources of activities and facilities supporting free flight development and implementation. The most promising solution to this complex and challenging requirement is a comprehensive plan of distributed simulation modeling that becomes fully integrated into the FAA engineering and acquisition community.
Communication and Decision Making
Free flight in the En Route environment solves many questions and concerns of the current system architecture and operation, but it imposes many new ones. One of the areas likely to be significantly altered by changes in technology, procedures, and training is the area of air/air and air/ground communications. En Route operations are not expected to necessitate a unique treatment of this area, but all free flight communications are likely to see considerable change. Major emphasis must be placed on identifying the requirements for and providing the solution to information consistency, information sharing, information sufficiency, communication dynamics of shifting responsibility for separation, decision conflicts, decision voids, team coordination, cooperative team training, and the like. To address this area requires an effort to define the communication requirements under alternative En Route scenarios, and the use of exploratory simulation to communicate allocation schemes. A key part of this effort will involve evaluating integrated air/air and air/ground datalink with voice communication and automation.
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ADVANCING FREE FLIGHT THROUGH HUMAN FACTORS(9)
