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Uncertainty and Predictability
In addition to determining what types of information and metrics would be needed in a free flight environment, the TFM working group also discussed issues of information quality and availability. Use of uncertain information in TFM decisions will require new ways to represent this uncertainty for display to users and operators. Improved dissemination of information will be accompanied by greater variability in accuracy of information. Display coding techniques will be required to clearly represent attributes such as the age and source of the data. Automated and manual procedures will be needed to reconcile inconsistencies in the data and guide users responses.
Selection, Training, and Education
In the TFM working group, selection, training and education programs were discussed as a vehicle for implementing new roles for traffic managers and promoting trust among all of the players involved in the TFM process. Additional knowledges and skills may be required, and therefore, the criterion for selecting traffic managers may change. Training will need to emphasize team work and cooperative decision making. All participants must be educated concerning their respective roles, the roles of the other participants, and how these individual roles fit together. Ensuring a common understanding and awareness of participants roles and their interrelationships was considered to be a prerequisite for developing greater consistency and commonality in the criteria that will be used at the local facility level to establish resource constraints and parameters.
Functional Architecture
A basic and overriding concern in the area of TFM and Free Flight was the development of a functional architecture for TFM which addresses preflight as well as airborne decisions. Determining an appropriate functional architecture will involve analyzing the information requirements dictated by alternative allocations of functions, including the requirements for distribution of information among the various players. Human factors can help determine and evaluate the number, roles, and interactions of TFM elements. Specific contributions focus on determining human performance metrics and criteria for discriminating among alternatives, and evaluations of alternatives via analytic studies, computer simulations, and human-in-the-loop studies. Human factors input can also help in prioritizing the alternatives according to their relative performance with respect to the criteria and presenting these results for discussion by the representatives of the TFM players. Participant comments and preferences can then be factored into the priorities to help arrive at a consensus.
Transition: Phases vs. Levels
Two classes of transition issues were noted in the TFM working group. One class of issues concerned the potential complexity introduced by multiple levels of free flight capability within the NAS. The TFM group discussed issues associated with human monitoring, awareness, and responses under multiple levels of free flight capability in the system. The second class of transition issues discussed by the group concerned the process of moving from the current system to a future system. In this area, the group discussed personnel and institutional issues related to government provision of TFM services. The group also identified the need for systematic testing and evaluation of transitional steps based on predefined performance parameters and criteria.
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ADVANCING FREE FLIGHT THROUGH HUMAN FACTORS(7)
