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Allocation of Functions between Pilots, Controllers, and Automation
The allocation of functions was discussed in the terminal group in terms of the possibilities and likelihood of overloading/underloading the various aviation parties. The controller’s and pilot’s ability to maintain situational awareness requires that the task sharing between controllers, pilots, and automation be clearly understood at all times. All parties must be aware at all times what the other parties are doing.
Increased Terminal Workload
Allowing more aircraft into the en route free flight environment may put more pressure on and increase the workload in the terminal environment. How will free flight flow into the terminal be controlled?
Pilot, Controller, Dispatch, and Automation Coordination
Use of the “team concept” implies additional issues of coordination, integration, and cooperation. It is indicated in the RTCA select committee on free flight report the controller is responsible for keeping the aircraft separated. If the controller has the overlying responsibility of separation, the integration of team cooperation may be complicated. The allocation of functions between pilots, controllers, and the automation, and clarity of these functions (given different situations and dynamic densities) may require special training and/or practice to establish "team" performance. It was suggested that a Crew Resource Management (CRM)-like approach be used for achieving “team” performance.
Information Requirements
With the inevitable changes in the current aviation system, information requirements must be carefully addressed. What information must be available, to whom, and when? Changing information requirements will most likely require a re-distribution of workload. The group suggested that a functional analysis be conducted for the free flight environment that recognizes the system (e.g., pilots, controllers, dispatchers, and automation) and identifies the implications of the re-distributed workload. In terms of automation and information display, in an ideal situation, there would be “seamless” automation meaning that all parties concerned receive the necessary information in the exact same way using the same technology.
Human Factors Certification of the System
The terminal group recognized the need for comprehensive human factors involvement in the design, development, and certification of the free flight system. Further integration of human factors into IPTs is required.
Interoperability of Air/Ground
In order to ensure interoperability of air/ground, the terminal group suggested the use of a human factors checklist and the consideration of system integration during design and evaluation phases.
CONCLUSIONS
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ADVANCING FREE FLIGHT THROUGH HUMAN FACTORS(18)
