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Display
As in the other environments, human factors engineering must be an integral part of the design phase of the oceanic display systems. If the oceanic systems are different from the domestic systems, this will require prototyping and modeling beyond that for the domestic systems. Commonality of user interface between oceanic and domestic systems would be highly desirable from training and work force utilization perspectives.
Identification of Training Requirements
Given the radical paradigm shift required to move to free flight, considerable changes will be necessary in the training provided to both controllers and flight crews (perhaps in the AOC also). Prototypes and models must be examined for changes in the training objectives and perhaps training systems. Team based training which includes flight crew, AOC, and controller roles is necessary.
Roles and Responsibilities of Controller and Pilot in Maintaining Separation
Free flight posits a change in the roles and responsibilities of pilots and controllers. These roles may be dynamic, changing during a flight with separation responsibility transferring between the two parties. Based on the early modeling and prototypes, and continuing throughout implementation, new procedures need to be developed.
With conflict resolution tools available on the ground (and possibly in the cockpit) more than one conflict resolution solution is highly probable. The aircraft operator should be afforded the opportunity to choose the solution optimal for him/her. This could be accomplished by turning separation responsibility to the cockpit or, workload permitting, by negotiation between the controller and operator. Automation and procedures need to be designed and implemented to enable this process.
Mixed Equipage
Different levels of aircraft equipage pose human factors problems in free flight. Much of free flight presupposes automation and technology upgrades that allow for the transmission of digital information and the use of new navigation and communication systems. However, if aircraft without the latest technology continue to populate the system, controllers may be required to adjust their procedures and guidance to the equipage level of the user. This poses cognitive workload and training issues on the controller side which must be investigated before free flight is initiated.
Communication and Intent
Since significant communication improvements are envisioned for the ocean, the procedures and the means of displaying information must be determined. These issues need to be modeled and prototyped.
Intent is one of the central issues in free flight. Intent information is critical for everyone involved in separation. The nature of the intent information and how it is to be communicated/broadcast must be modeled as part of the basic human factors design. This information may include everything from velocity vector to flight plan.
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ADVANCING FREE FLIGHT THROUGH HUMAN FACTORS(13)
