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Phraseology/Terminology
The phraseology used by the various parties in the aviation system must be standardized. With the new free flight environment, it is necessary to ensure that effective and standardized phraseology by developed and used consistently. Both pilots and controllers must understand, accept, and consistently use this terminology.
Standardized phraseology applies to automated data exchange as well. There is concern that there will be vast amounts of “intention” data flowing back and forth that will need to be analyzed and reduced for relevant presentation both in the cockpit and the ATC site.
Separation Minima /Display Geometry for Alert Zones
The terminal group discussed the necessity for determining the requirements for airborne separation. In determining the separation minima, controller and pilot workload implications must be considered. Separation minima should be set at a level that limits the time for conflict resolution, but does not reduce safety.
Another human factors issue in the terminal environment concerns the display geometry for the alert zones in the different phases of terminal flight. While in the en route environment, the zones are often referred to as bubble or hockey puck-like in shape. In the terminal environment, a headlight-like shape may be more appropriate. The alert zones must be of sufficient size and shape that controllers and pilots will receive alert information in sufficient time for them to take appropriate action to avoid conflicts. Therefore, in determining these shapes and sizes, reaction times must be considered. The ability to identify conflicts will depend on the display geometry used, the automation developed, alerts and alarms of the future system, and must clearly be based on human capabilities to understand, retain, and act on information.
Training and Equipment Requirements
The terminal group discussed what training and equipment would be needed for pilots and controllers to keep protection zones separated. Analyses using models and prototypes need to be conducted to determine changes in the training requirements.
Transition from Controlled to Free Flight Environment and Vice Versa
In the terminal environment, there is an issue of transitioning from a free flight en route environment to a potentially more controlled terminal environment and vice versa. The description of concerns for shifting responsibilities and information requirements are related. Automation would most likely be employed to assist in this transition.
Failure Modes
For the implementation of free flight concepts, detailed procedures must be found to address automation failure and how to handle such failure in the free flight environment. In the free flight environment, automation will be relied upon heavily. The terminal group specifically considered how to handle a frequency outage under free flight operations (e.g., a stuck microphone switch). Procedures for these rare but realistic problems must be addressed. Therefore, automation failure issues must be addressed with further research.
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ADVANCING FREE FLIGHT THROUGH HUMAN FACTORS(17)
