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With regard to shifting roles and responsibilities in a dynamic environment, the issue of pilots and controllers being aware of where responsibility resides is of concern. When the responsibility shifts from one party to another, how will all of the appropriate parties know when that responsibility has been shifted? It is critical that all participants in the aviation system understand their roles and other’s roles at all times. How this understanding of shared responsibility is ensured must be fully resolved.
The group also discussed the issue of authority. Authority becomes an issue when the pilots and controllers have conflicting goals or intentions. Therefore, who has the final decision making authority must be determined.
Another element regarding roles and responsibilities in the terminal environment concerns the requirements for training, technology, and procedures in the free flight environment. The training needs for pilots and controllers in the free flight environment must be addressed. New or different technologies and procedures may be required for this training. Additionally, the impact on selection and performance evaluation procedures for the free flight environment was questioned. The various participants in the free flight system may require different skills than those in the current environment. Therefore, the aviation community may be required to modify the selection criteria currently used.
Given the dynamic roles and responsibilities of pilots and controllers, mixed equipage, and the various levels of free flight in different areas, the issue of how to handle mixed responsibility is of concern. Specifically, the issue is whether the pilot is able to decline or request responsibility for providing his/her own separation. From the pilot’s perspective, there may be times when he/she does not want the added responsibility and resultant workload. This may be particularly true in the terminal environment where the aircraft are closer together and the pilot may be too busy handling the aircraft to assume separation responsibility as well. This raises another issue of how the controller will effectively separate aircraft under his/her control from other aircraft providing their own separation. The confined airspace of the terminal area make this a particularly difficult and important issue.
Arrival Flow
A unique issue regarding the dynamic terminal environment pertains to the arrival flow of aircraft and who is responsible for mediating or arbitrating the arrivals. Specifically the issue of mediating responsibility is of concern when there are two or more aircraft arriving at the same point or when there are “no-fix” arrivals. The workload associated with nonlinear arrivals (and departures) complicates this issue. Given the less predictable and structured traffic flows, the workload of both the pilot and controller may change significantly.
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ADVANCING FREE FLIGHT THROUGH HUMAN FACTORS(16)
