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Allocation of Responsibility
The unambiguous delineation of responsibility is one of the most fundamental principles of safe air travel under any set of procedures and technology. Under free flight, the allocation of responsibility must be no less clear. Achieving this clarity will entail a well orchestrated development process in which procedural and technological improvements and training for those modifications are well coordinated system-wide. To ensure uniformity in human and system performance parameters and common understanding by pilots and controllers will require increased attention to factors affecting awareness, decision making, and automation development trade-offs, especially as they affect failure recovery, active-passive interface with automation, redundancy, and structured versus non-structured environments. As with some other modifications to the pilot-controller-operations interactions, extensive analysis and simulation are necessary to provide data for trade-off decisions.
Separation Strategies
As the new technology of free flight provides greater opportunities for alternative concepts in maintaining separation, new challenges in designing the human interfaces (air/air and air/ground and ground/ground) must be addressed. For the future En Route environment to take full advantage of the opportunities presented by the new technologies entails exploring innovative methods for performing the traditional tasks of aircraft separation (for both pilots and controllers). In addition to capitalizing on improved equipment (e.g., faster response times, higher resolution of display, improved location correction algorithms), new approaches to pilot and controller actions must be assessed. Developing these new strategies for the controller and pilot interactions necessitates exploring areas where free flight procedures can complement the introduction of free flight technology. This exploratory work includes evaluation of single pilot operations, self separation alternatives and requirements, mixed equipage and non-participating complexities, assessments of variations in risk taking, standardization of pilot and controller response actions, proficiency evaluations, alternative alert and protection zone standards, managing different levels of conflict probe, determining acceptable false alarm rates, flight path and traffic flow predictability, accuracy of intent information, and many other factors involving human performance. In future En Route traffic management, an evaluation of these factors are likely to lead to changes in areas such as flight planning requirements, aircraft-to-aircraft and aircraft-controller teaming arrangements, new situational awareness methods (alerts and displays), and methods for communicating intent. There is little doubt that initiatives in these areas will play a critical role in the feasibility and sufficiency of alternative separation strategies.
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ADVANCING FREE FLIGHT THROUGH HUMAN FACTORS(10)
