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Roles, Responsibilities, and Authority
In the context of TFM, the discussions on roles, responsibilities, and authority centered on maintaining trust and honesty among decision makers in the face of uncertain information. The challenge in this area is to establish roles and responsibilities which will allow users and air traffic service providers to cooperate and employ "win-win" strategies rather than competing with "win-lose" strategies. To support a cooperative environment, the roles and responsibilities of each party must be defined explicitly and timely feedback must be provided to reinforce appropriate behaviors and discourage inappropriate behaviors.
Airspace Changes
The TFM working group discussed the potential impact of changes in airspace and traffic patterns on controllers. New TFM metrics that take into account human workload will be needed to predict manageability and prevent overload situations. Increased flexibility in routes, flight altitudes, and altitude transitions will affect the manageability of the airspace. New procedures with acceptable lead times must be devised for transitioning an airspace to increase traffic structure when necessary to maintain manageability.
Player Acceptance
The TFM working group concluded that effective and coordinated human performance will be required for the successful implementation of TFM role changes associated with free flight concepts. A key to effective performance is that the participants accept and endorse their new roles. To ensure participant acceptance, the design of the new functional architecture must consider issues associated with the separation of decision making authority from the execution of functions. Moreover, the plan for implementing Free Flight capabilities must consider user acceptance issues and develop plans to address those issues. Although the group recognized that substantial participant involvement must be inherent in the Free Flight design process, it was also acknowledged that it will be impossible for all potential participants to be involved. It is therefore necessary to develop a plan for assessing reactions and concerns of potential participants who have not been involved and for the use of orientation, training and participant feedback programs to address the concerns.
Domestic En Route and Cruise Transition
The En Route work group focused on the six salient issues of information requirements and display; communication and decision making; coordination and delineation of responsibility; measuring and managing workloads; alternative strategies for separation; and human factors expertise in free flight concept development, requirements determination, and operational implementation:
Information and Display
Determination of En Route informational requirements imposes an evolutionary challenge in the free flight operational concept. With the removal of standard routes as well as unrestricted horizontal and vertical limitations, technology and procedures must find appropriate substitutes for stable flight paths. These informational requirements will place additional demands upon the aviation community to devise innovative approaches to display the required information. As new display technologies and techniques are developed, human performance considerations must be anticipated and analyzed. Because the En Route will provide an increasingly dynamic environment as free flight proliferates, the communication and display of information must be sensitive to the current and future operational context of the aircraft and controller workstation situation. This contextual sensitivity of information and display may provide opportunities for increased efficiency in pilot and controller tasks, but also poses the potential for increased complexity in hardware/software/liveware configurations, decreased situational awareness, and unanticipated human responses. Resolving the potential complications of the dynamic En Route environment will necessarily entail significant analysis of information and display alternatives and human performance simulation. The human factors work currently underway related to the demonstration and validation of information requirements (such as that related to data link, CTAS, CHI alternatives, and cognitive engineering) applies.
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ADVANCING FREE FLIGHT THROUGH HUMAN FACTORS(8)
