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• The ground spoilers
• The thrust reversers
• The wheel brakes
THE GROUND SPOILERS
When the aircraft touches down with at least one main landing gear and when at least one thrust
lever is in the reverse sector, the ground spoilers partially automatically deploy to ensure that the
A330/A340 FLIGHT CREW TRAINING MANUAL
NORMAL OPERATIONS
LANDING
A330/A340 FLEET NO-160 P 6/12
FCTM 17 JUN 09
aircraft is properly sit down on ground. This is the partial lift dumping function. Then, the ground
spoilers automatically fully deploy.
The ground spoilers contribute to aircraft deceleration by increasing aerodynamic drag at high
speed. Wheel braking efficiency is improved due to the increased load on the wheels. Additionally,
the ground spoiler extension signal is used for auto-brake activation.
THRUST REVERSERS
Thrust reverser efficiency is proportional to the square of the speed. So, it is recommended to use
reverse thrust at high speeds.
Pull to reverse IDLE at main landing gear touchdown (not before). When REV is indicated in green
on ECAM, MAX reverse may be applied.
The maximum reverse thrust is obtained at N1 between 70 % and 85 % and is controlled by the
FADEC.
Below 70 kt, reversers efficiency decreases rapidly, and below 60 kt with maximum reverse
selected, there is a risk of engine stall. Therefore, it is recommended to smoothly reduce the
reverse thrust to idle at 70 kt. However, the use of maximum reverse is allowed down to aircraft
stop in case of emergency.
If airport regulations restrict the use of reverse, select and maintain reverse idle until taxi speed is
reached.
Stow the reversers before leaving the runway to avoid foreign object ingestion.
WHEEL BRAKES
Wheel brakes contribute the most to aircraft deceleration on the ground. Many factors may affect
efficient braking such as load on the wheels, tire pressure, runway pavement characteristics and
runway contamination and braking technique. The only factor over which the pilot has any control
is the use of the correct braking technique, as discussed below.
ANTI-SKID
The anti-skid system adapts pilot applied brake pressure to runway conditions by sensing an
impending skid condition and adjusting the brake pressure to each individual wheel as required.
The anti-skid system maintains the skidding factor (slip ratio) close to the maximum friction
force point. This will provide the optimum deceleration with respect to the pilot input. Full pedal
braking with anti-skid provides a deceleration rate of 10 kts/sec.
A330/A340 FLIGHT CREW TRAINING MANUAL
NORMAL OPERATIONS
LANDING
A330/A340 FLEET NO-160 P 7/12
FCTM 17 JUN 09
BRAKES
The use of auto brake versus pedal braking should observe the following guidelines:
• The use of A/BRAKE is usually preferable because it minimizes the number of brake
applications and thus reduces brake wear. Additionally, the A/BRAKE provides a symmetrical
brake pressure application which ensures an equal braking effect on both main landing
gear wheels on wet or evenly contaminated runway. More particularly, the A/BRAKE is
recommended on short, wet, contaminated runway, in poor visibility conditions and in Auto
land.
The use of LO auto brake should be preferred on long and dry runways whereas the use of
MED auto brake should be preferred for short or contaminated runways. The use of MAX
auto brake is not recommended.
• On very short runways, the use of pedal braking is to be envisaged since the pilot may apply
full pedal braking with no delay after touch down.
• On very long runways, the use of pedal braking may be envisaged if the pilot anticipates that
braking will not be needed. To reduce brake wear, the number of brake application should be
limited.
• In case of pedal braking, do not ride the brakes but apply pedal braking when required and
modulate the pressure without releasing. This minimizes brake wear.
The green DECEL light comes on when the actual deceleration is 80 % of the selected rate. For
example the DECEL light might not appear when the autobrake is selected on a contaminated
runway, because the deceleration rate is not reached with the autobrake properly functioning.
Whereas the DECEL light might appear with LO selected on a dry runway while only the
reversers achieve the selected deceleration rate without autobrake being actually activated. In
other words, the DECEL light is not an indicator of the autobrake operation as such, but that the
deceleration rate is reached.
Since the auto brake system senses deceleration and modulates brake pressure accordingly,
the timely application of MAX reverse thrust will reduce the actual operation of the brakes
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A330/A340机组训练手册FLIGHT CREW TRAINING MANUAL(63)
