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optimum.
Step climbs can either be planned at waypoints or be optimum step points calculated by the FMGS.
In order to determine the optimum location of the next FL change, the crew will use the OPT STEP
facility on the STEP ALT page and insert the next FL. If predictions are satisfactory in term of time
and fuel saving, the crew will insert it in F-PLN provided it is compatible with ATC. The inserted step
A330/A340 FLIGHT CREW TRAINING MANUAL
NORMAL OPERATIONS
CRUISE
A330/A340 FLEET NO-070 P 7/12
FCTM 17 JUN 09
climb is set as a (S/C) geographic waypoint. It may be updated by pressing the UPDATE* prompt on
the STEP page.
The OPT STEP computation will be accurate if vertical wind profile has been properly entered. Refer
to FMS USE of this section. Refer to FCOM/PER-CRZ-AEO-ALT-20 WIND ALTITUDE TRADE FOR
CONSTANT SPECIFIC RANGE to provide valuable tables to assess the effect of the vertical wind
profile on the optimum cruise flight level.
It may be advantageous to request an initial cruise altitude above optimum if altitude changes are
difficult to obtain on specific routes. This minimizes the possibility of being held at a low altitude and
high fuel consumption condition for long periods of time. The requested/cleared cruise altitude should
be compared to the REC MAX altitude. Before accepting an altitude above optimum, the crew should
determine that it will continue to be acceptable considering the projected flight conditions such as
turbulence, standing waves or temperature change.
OPT FL follow up
The diagram above shows three step climb strategies with respect to OPT and REC MAX FL.
Strategy 1 provides the best trip cost, followed by 2 then 3.
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON FUEL CONSUMPTION
Criteria: 330-200
Applicable to: , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
The selected cruise altitude should normally be as close to optimum as possible. As deviation from
optimum cruise altitude increases, performance economy decreases.
A330/A340 FLIGHT CREW TRAINING MANUAL
NORMAL OPERATIONS
CRUISE
A330/A340 FLEET NO-070 P 8/12
FCTM 17 JUN 09
As a general rule:
• Flying 2 000 ft above optimum altitude results in fuel penalty of approximately 2.5 %
• Flying 4 000 ft below optimum altitude results in fuel penalty of approximately 5 %
• Flying 2 000 ft below optimum altitude results in fuel penalty of approximately 1.5 %
Consequently, flying at a level other than OPT FL will adversely affect the trip cost.
fuel penalty versus OPT FL
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON FUEL CONSUMPTION
Criteria: 340-300
Applicable to: , , , , , , , , , , , ,
The selected cruise altitude should normally be as close to optimum as possible. As deviation from
optimum cruise altitude increases, performance economy decreases.
As a general rule:
• Flying 2 000 ft above optimum altitude results in fuel penalty of approximately 1.5 %
• Flying 4 000 ft below optimum altitude results in fuel penalty of approximately 5 %
• Flying 2 000 ft below optimum altitude results in fuel penalty of approximately 1.5 %
Consequently, flying at a level other than OPT FL will adversely affect the trip cost.
fuel penalty versus OPT FL
A330/A340 FLIGHT CREW TRAINING MANUAL
NORMAL OPERATIONS
CRUISE
A330/A340 FLEET NO-070 P 9/12
FCTM 17 JUN 09
FUEL MONITORING
Applicable to: ALL
1 The flight plan fuel burn from departure to destination is based on certain assumed conditions. These
include gross weight, cruise altitude, route of flight, temperature, cruise wind and cruise speed.
Actual fuel consumption should be compared with the flight plan fuel consumption at least once every
30 min.
The crew should be aware that many factors influence fuel consumption, such as actual flight level,
cruise speed and unexpected meteorological conditions. These parameters should normally be
reflected in the FMS.
The crew may suspect a fuel leak in case of:
• A significant deviation between planned and actual fuel figures
• An excessive fuel flow leading to a potential imbalance
• An abnormal decrease in total fuel quantity (FOB+FU)
In this situation the crew must apply the FUEL LEAK paper procedure.
FUEL TEMPERATURE
Applicable to: ALL
Fuel freeze refers to the formation of wax crystals suspended in the fuel, which can accumulate when
fuel temperature is below the freeze point (-47 °C for jet A1) and can prevent proper fuel feed to the
engines.
During normal operations, fuel temperature rarely decreases to the point that it becomes limiting.
However, extended cruise operations increase the potential for fuel temperatures to reach the freeze
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A330/A340机组训练手册FLIGHT CREW TRAINING MANUAL(44)
