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nearly four times greater than the number of Mexican visitors. This difference in new visitor
traffic would cause a similar asymmetry in the indirect economic impact of the flights:
Figure 16
Total Visitor Expenditures: $11,665,946 $45,112,572 $72,693,082
Annual Visitors to Denver: 8,079 31,702 43,425
Avg. Trip Exp. per Visitor:
Total per Visitor: $1,444 $1,423 $1,674
Source: US DOC In-Flight Survey
Mexico Europe Asia
Indirect Economic Impact Resulting from
1 Additional Daily Airline Flight
To Denver From:
The indirect impact of a new daily flight from Europe would therefore be about four times
greater than that of a flight from Mexico. A flight from Asia would yield visitor expenditures
over six times as large.
III. INDUCED IMPACT
The induced economic impact occurs as the direct and indirect expenditures described above are
received as income by local Denver residents. That income undergoes successive rounds of
partial re-spending, enhancing the benefit of the original economic infusion.
The magnitude of the induced impact depends on the fraction of the income, on average, that is
re-spent in the Denver area. Some of the income is saved and some of it leaves the Denver area,
at which point it escapes the cycle of spending and ceases to contribute to the induced impact.
The effect of this cycle is quantified in a ‘multiplier,’ the total economic benefit an area will
receive through rounds of spending for each original dollar of new income.
The appropriate multiplier to be used depends upon the industry and metropolitan area of
interest, each of which have their own characteristics. Consultation with the Economic
Development Research Group indicated that a proper multiplier for the travel and tourism
industry in the Denver metropolitan area is 1.75. Thus on average, 43% of every dollar received
is re-spent in the Denver area.
Figure 17
Induced Economic Impact (Multiplier = 1.75)
$14,704,373
$81,385,731
$51,758,688
$11,028,280
$61,039,298
$38,819,016
$142,425,029
$90,577,704
$25,732,652
$0
$20,000,000
$40,000,000
$60,000,000
$80,000,000
$100,000,000
$120,000,000
$140,000,000
$160,000,000
Mexico Europe Asia
Flight Region of Origin
Induced Impact
Direct + Indirect Impact
For each region of origin, the induced economic impact equals 75% of the direct-plus-indirect
impact value, thus preserving pre-existing differences in proportion.
CONCLUSION
The economic impact of additional daily flights from Mexico, Europe, and Asia were found to
vary considerably. Figure 18 below recounts the values estimated for the direct, indirect, and
induced economic impact, which together amount to the total benefit of a new flight for the
Denver metropolitan area.
Figure 18
Mexico Europe Asia
Direct Impact: $3,038,427 $6,646,116 $8,692,649
Airport Fees $2,326,723 $5,119,140 $6,784,430
Airport Services $711,704 $1,526,977 $1,908,219
Indirect Impact $11,665,946 $45,112,572 $72,693,082
Total Direct + Indirect $14,704,373 $51,758,688 $81,385,731
MSA Multiplier 1.75 1.75 1.75
Total Impact $25,732,652 $90,577,704 $142,425,029
Compared with Mexico Flight 100% 352% 553%
Sources: SH&E Analysis, Economic Development Research Group
To Denver From:
Total Economic Impact Resulting from
1 Additional Daily Flight
All told, the annual benefit of a flight from Europe is over 3.5 times greater than a flight from
Mexico, and 5.5 times greater for a flight from Asia.
Two major factors underpinned most of this difference:
Carriers serving the US from Europe and Asia use larger aircraft than those flying from
Mexico. The bigger planes carry more passenger traffic, and contribute more in size- and
weight-based airport fees on a per-flight basis.
Passenger traffic between Denver and Mexico is mostly southbound, that is, Americans
visiting Mexico. In contrast, Denver-Europe traffic is evenly balanced, and Denver-Asia
travel is weighted toward Asian visitors to Denver. These visitors spend money on
lodging, food, and other services and provide a great boon to the local economy.
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