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words, who is more important or who will give the
most helpful information
• Obtain contacts for the witnesses
• Select a location for interviewing the witness
• Prepare for the interview – what questions will you
ask, will you use a video or tape recorder, etc.
Aircraft Accident Investigation 21
Conducting the Interview
• Make the witness feel at ease – tell them their
rights and the purpose of the interview
• Qualify the witness
• Encourage the witness to tell a story of the events
that they saw
• Repeat the story yourself to make sure you have
the correct facts; the witness may also want to restate
something after hearing their statement repeated
to themselves
• Ask any remaining questions and thank the witness
Factors affecting witness reporting
A witness interview can be affected by several factors
including:
• Witness background in aviation/ IQ
• Perception of the witness
• Emotion / excitements
• Interpretation of the ambiguous
• Agreement with other witnesses
Other reasons for inaccurate statements
• Environmental
• Physiological
• Psychological
Aircraft Accident Investigation 22
PART III: ACCIDENT INFORMATION
Lesson 12: Mid-Airs and Runway Incursions
Lesson 13: Recording Equipment
Lesson 14: Human Factors
Aircraft Accident Investigation 23
MID-AIR COLLISIONS AND RUNWAY
INCURSIONS
Types of Mid-Air Collisions
Associated mid-air collisions
In this type of mid-air, the two aircraft were flying in
each other’s vicinity and knew it. These typically happen
during formation flight or during military combat
maneuvers. In civil aviation, mid-air collisions have
occurred when an aircraft was attempting to inspect the
landing gear of another aircraft.
Associated mid-airs occur because of pilot technique or
the operational procedures (or lack of them) in use at
the time. The thrust of the investigation is in that direction.
Non-associated mid-air collisions
These occur between aircraft who are not intentionally
flying in each other’s vicinity and neither knows the
other is there. The investigation, in these cases, is toward
the management of the airspace.
• Where was each plane suppose to be?
• Who had the right of way?
• Who could have seen who?
In this type of investigation, the first priority is usually
the Air Traffic Control records and radar data. Second
is probably the Flight Data Recorders and Cockpit
Voice Recorders if either plane was equipped (see Lesson
13). Third is usually witnesses, if any. The problem
with witnesses is that most of them see the aftermath of
the collision. Few see what the planes were doing immediately
before the collision, which is what the investigator
would like to know.
Mid-Air Collision Factors
Flight Path / Plane of Collision
This is the relationship of relative bearing, relative closure
speed, and the lack of any apparent relative motion
is important to the investigator. Another important concept
is the plane of collision. There are only three possible
planes in which the two aircraft can operate as they
approach on collision course:
• Horizontal: Both aircraft are in level flight or have
vertical speeds which are equal
• Vertical: This occurs when aircraft are flying the
same course and have different vertical speeds
• Combination (neither vertical or horizontal): This
is probably the most common mid-air situation.
Airspeed, vertical speed, and heading are all different.
Aircraft Conspicuity
Most mid-air collisions occur in daylight VMC conditions.
The reason that our ATC system does a pretty
good job of separating IMC traffic during night VMC
conditions is that the aircraft lights are highly visible,
therefore decreasing the chances that aircraft will run
into each other.
Cockpit Visibility
Few aircraft outside of the military are deliberately built
to provide the pilot with good visibility. Also, the cockpit
environment often causes the pilot to focus their
attention in the cockpit.
ATC Environment
If either or both of the aircraft were under air traffic
control, then ATC has some degree of involvement in
the collision.
Collision Avoidance Equipment
As more aircraft become equipped with TCAS equipment,
several questions are bound to arise.
• Was either aircraft TCAS equipped?
• If so, was the equipment functioning?
• Did the equipment provide the pilots with any
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