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variable stators, fuel controls, etc. for evidence of
power output.
• Examine the turbine section for evidence of
overtemperature operation.
• Examine the accessory drive train for condition and
continuity.
• Examine the accessories for condition and operation.
Common Turbine Engine Problems
• Foreign object damage
• Volcanic ash ingestion
• Compressor stall
• Accessory failure
• Thrust reverser failure
• Bearing failure
INSTRUMENT INVESTIGATION
Introduction
It is possible to derive a lot of useful information from
the cockpit of crashed aircraft, but there are two general
problems with cockpit instrument examination. First,
the instruments usually indicate the situation at the time
of impact, but investigators need to know what happened
prior to impact. Secondly, instruments are becoming
highly complex making investigations more
complicated.
When examining instruments, treat them as perishable
Aircraft Accident Investigation 20
evidence. Any instrument capture, readings, and switch
positions may have changed during / after impact.
Methods of investigating
1. Visual presentation – what do the instruments indicate
upon a visual inspection
2. Microscopic investigation – this is exactly what it
states – a microscopic examination of the part
3. Internal examination – this usually involves opening
up an instrument and examining the internal
components such as gears
4. Electrical synchro readout
Pitot / Static system
The following instruments run off of the pitot / static
system:
• Airspeed indicator
• Altimeter
• Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
Other Instruments
The following instruments can give important information
concerning the situation of the accident aircraft
• attitude indicator
• angle of attack
• navigation / communication instruments
• engine instruments
• clocks
• digital instruments
Light Bulbs
Determining whether or not a light bulb was illuminated
(or even functioning) may provide important information
to the investigator. It will give the investigator
a chance to see what was actually occurring form
the pilots perspective – i.e. was the pilot reacting to a
malfunctioning light or did a warning light burn out.
AIRCRAFT RECORDS
Aircraft records provide investigators a wide variety of
information that aids in the investigation. Taking into
account the history of a particular aircraft, personnel, or
even airline may aid the investigator in noting a particular
problem that may have contributed to the accident
sequence.
Types of Records
• Corporate records
• Operations records
• Maintenance records
• Airfield records
• Air Traffic Control (ATC) records
• Weather reports
Miscellaneous Reports
• Accident / incident reports
• Sheriff / emergency medical reports
• Service difficulty reports
Databases
Corporate Event Reporting System (CERS)
This database system provides a wide variety of operational
events concerning operations within a particular
company. Searches can be categorized by a wide variety
of factors including event type, aircraft type, a specific
aircraft, etc.
Flight Operations Quality Assurance (FOQA)
FOQA takes data broadcasted directly from an aircraft
(via a discrete signal) and stores that information to a
particular computer. It provides information commonly
recorded onto FDRs. This allows personnel within the
organization to note any trends that are occurring within
the organization (i.e. high speed approaches or approaches
that should have been aborted)
WITNESS INTERVIEWING
Introduction
The importance if witnesses varies with the accident. In
some cases, they are absolutely vital. There is no recoverable
wreckage, no survivors and no recorded information.
In other cases, there is plenty of factual information
available and the witnesses are merely collaborative.
In these cases, it is interesting to note the differences
between what the witnesses say and what the
facts support. The problem with witness interviewing
lies in the inability to recover accurate information.
When interviewing, remember that it is exactly this, an
interview and not an interrogation. The investigator is
merely trying to establish the facts and not to incriminate
anyone.
Planning the interview
• Set priorities for witness interviewing – in other
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