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weather discriminator (for
precipitation)
SPECI KCVG 152224Z 28024G36KT 3/4SM
+TSRA BKN008 OVC020CB 28/23 A3000 RMK
TSRAB24 TS W MOV E
SPECI . . . . . . (nonroutine) aviation special
weather report
KCVG . . . . . . Cincinnati, OH
152228Z . . . . date 15th, time 2228 UTC
(no modifier) This is a manually generated
report due to the absence of
“AUTO” and “AO1 or AO2”
in remarks
28024G36KT wind two eight zero at two four
gusts three six
3/4SM . . . . . . visibility three fourths
+TSRA . . . . . thunderstorms, heavy rain
BKN008 ceiling eight hundred broken
OVC020CB . two thousand overcast
cumulonimbus clouds
28/23 . . . . . . . temperature two eight, dew
point two three
A3000 . . . . . . altimeter three zero zero zero
RMK . . . . . . . remarks
TSRAB24 . . . thunderstorm and rain began at
two four
TS W MOV E thunderstorm west moving
east
c. Aerodrome Forecast (TAF). A concise statement
of the expected meteorological conditions at an
airport during a specified period (usually 24 hours).
TAFs use the same codes as METAR weather reports.
They are scheduled four times daily for 24−hour
periods beginning at 0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, and
1800Z. TAFs are issued in the following format:
TYPE OF REPORT/ICAO STATION IDENTIFIER/
DATE AND TIME OF ORIGIN/VALID PERIOD
DATE AND TIME/FORECAST METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS
NOTE−
The “/” above and in the following descriptions are for
separation purposes in this publication and do not appear
in the actual TAFs.
TAF
KOKC 051130Z 051212 14008KT 5SM BR
BKN030 TEMPO 1316 1 1/2SM BR
FM1600 16010KT P6SM SKC
FM2300 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA OVC020
PROB40 0006 2SM TSRA OVC008CB BECMG
0608 21015KT P6SM NSW SCT040
TAF format observed in the above example:
TAF = type of report
KOKC = ICAO station identifier
051130Z = date and time of origin
051212 = valid period date and times
14008KT 5SM BR BKN030 = forecast meteorological
conditions
Explanation of TAF elements:
1. Type of Report. There are two types of TAF
issuances, a routine forecast issuance (TAF) and an
amended forecast (TAF AMD). An amended TAF is
issued when the current TAF no longer adequately
describes the on-going weather or the forecaster feels
the TAF is not representative of the current or
expected weather. Corrected (COR) or delayed
(RTD) TAFs are identified only in the communications
header which precedes the actual forecasts.
2. ICAO Station Identifier. The TAF code
uses ICAO 4−letter location identifiers as described
in the METAR section.
3. Date and Time of Origin. This element is
the date and time the forecast is actually prepared.
The format is a two−digit date and four−digit time
followed, without a space, by the letter “Z.”
4. Valid Period Date and Time. The UTC
valid period of the forecast is a two−digit date
followed by the two−digit beginning hour and
two−digit ending hour. In the case of an amended
forecast, or a forecast which is corrected or delayed,
the valid period may be for less than 24 hours. Where
an airport or terminal operates on a part−time basis
(less than 24 hours/day), the TAFs issued for those
locations will have the abbreviated statement “NIL
AMD SKED AFT (closing time) Z” added to the end
of the forecasts. For the TAFs issued while these
locations are closed, the word “NIL” will appear in
place of the forecast text. A delayed (RTD) forecast
will then be issued for these locations after two
complete observations are received.
2/17/05 AIM
Meteorology 7−1−67
5. Forecast Meteorological Conditions. This
is the body of the TAF. The basic format is:
WIND/VISIBILITY/WEATHER/SKY
CONDITION/OPTIONAL DATA (WIND
SHEAR)
The wind, visibility, and sky condition elements are
always included in the initial time group of the
forecast. Weather is included only if significant to
aviation. If a significant, lasting change in any of the
elements is expected during the valid period, a new
time period with the changes is included. It should be
noted that with the exception of a “FM” group the
new time period will include only those elements
which are expected to change, i.e., if a lowering of the
visibility is expected but the wind is expected to
remain the same, the new time period reflecting the
lower visibility would not include a forecast wind.
The forecast wind would remain the same as in the
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