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attitude (pitch, roll, yaw). Report as
Light Turbulence; 1
or
Turbulence that causes slight, rapid and
somewhat rhythmic bumpiness without
appreciable changes in altitude or
attitude. Report as Light Chop.
Occupants may feel a slight strain
against seat belts or shoulder straps.
Unsecured objects may be displaced
slightly. Food service may be conducted
and little or no difficulty is
encountered in walking.
Occasional−Less than 1/3 of the time.
Intermittent−1/3 to 2/3.
Continuous−More than 2/3.
Moderate Turbulence that is similar to Light
Turbulence but of greater intensity.
Changes in altitude and/or attitude occur
but the aircraft remains in positive
control at all times. It usually causes
variations in indicated airspeed. Report
as Moderate Turbulence; 1
or
Turbulence that is similar to Light Chop
but of greater intensity. It causes rapid
bumps or jolts without appreciable
changes in aircraft altitude or attitude.
Report as Moderate Chop.1
Occupants feel definite strains against
seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured
objects are dislodged. Food
service and walking are difficult.
NOTE
1. Pilots should report location(s),
time (UTC), intensity, whether in or
near clouds, altitude, type of aircraft
and, when applicable, duration of
turbulence.
2. Duration may be based on time
between two locations or over a single
location. All locations should be
readily identifiable.
Severe Turbulence that causes large, abrupt
changes in altitude and/or attitude. It
usually causes large variations in
indicated airspeed. Aircraft may be
momentarily out of control. Report as
Severe Turbulence. 1
Occupants are forced violently against
seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured
objects are tossed about. Food
Service and walking are impossible.
EXAMPLES:
a. Over Omaha. 1232Z, Moderate
Turbulence, in cloud, Flight
Level 310, B707.
Extreme Turbulence in which the aircraft is
violently tossed about and is practically
impossible to control. It may cause
structural damage. Report as Extreme
Turbulence. 1
b. From 50 miles south of Albuquerque
to 30 miles north of Phoenix,
1210Z to 1250Z, occasional Moderate
Chop, Flight Level 330, DC8.
1 High level turbulence (normally above 15,000 feet ASL) not associated with cumuliform cloudiness, including thunderstorms,
should be reported as CAT (clear air turbulence) preceded by the appropriate intensity, or light or moderate chop.
2/17/05 AIM
Meteorology 7−1−45
7−1−25. Wind Shear PIREPs
a. Because unexpected changes in wind speed and
direction can be hazardous to aircraft operations at
low altitudes on approach to and departing from
airports, pilots are urged to promptly volunteer
reports to controllers of wind shear conditions they
encounter. An advance warning of this information
will assist other pilots in avoiding or coping with a
wind shear on approach or departure.
b. When describing conditions, use of the terms
“negative” or “positive” wind shear should be
avoided. PIREPs of “negative wind shear on final,”
intended to describe loss of airspeed and lift, have
been interpreted to mean that no wind shear was
encountered. The recommended method for wind
shear reporting is to state the loss or gain of airspeed
and the altitudes at which it was encountered.
EXAMPLE−
1. Denver Tower, Cessna 1234 encountered wind shear,
loss of 20 knots at 400.
2. Tulsa Tower, American 721 encountered wind shear on
final, gained 25 knots between 600 and 400 feet followed
by loss of 40 knots between 400 feet and surface.
1. Pilots who are not able to report wind shear in
these specific terms are encouraged to make reports
in terms of the effect upon their aircraft.
EXAMPLE−
Miami Tower, Gulfstream 403 Charlie encountered an
abrupt wind shear at 800 feet on final, max thrust required.
2. Pilots using Inertial Navigation Systems
(INSs) should report the wind and altitude both above
and below the shear level.
7−1−26. Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) PIREPs
CAT has become a very serious operational factor to
flight operations at all levels and especially to jet
traffic flying in excess of 15,000 feet. The best
available information on this phenomenon must
come from pilots via the PIREP reporting procedures.
All pilots encountering CAT conditions are urgently
requested to report time, location, and intensity (light,
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