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the ice shape, rather than the clarity or color of the ice, which is most likely to be accurately
assessed from the cockpit.
Runback Ice Ice which forms from the freezing or refreezing of water leaving protected surfaces and
running back to unprotected surfaces.
Note−
Ice types are difficult for the pilot to discern and have uncertain effects on an airplane in flight. Ice type definitions will
be included in the AIM for use in the “Remarks” section of the PIREP and for use in forecasting.
2/17/05 AIM
Meteorology 7−1−43
TBL 7−1−8
Icing Conditions
Appendix C Icing Conditions Appendix C (14 CFR, Part 25 and 29) is the certification icing condition standard
for approving ice protection provisions on aircraft. The conditions are specified in
terms of altitude, temperature, liquid water content (LWC), representative droplet
size (mean effective drop diameter [MED]), and cloud horizontal extent.
Forecast Icing Conditions Environmental conditions expected by a National Weather Service or an
FAA−approved weather provider to be conducive to the formation of inflight icing
on aircraft.
Freezing Drizzle (FZDZ) Drizzle is precipitation at ground level or aloft in the form of liquid water drops
which have diameters less than 0.5 mm and greater than 0.05 mm. Freezing drizzle
is drizzle that exists at air temperatures less than 0C (supercooled), remains in
liquid form, and freezes upon contact with objects on the surface or airborne.
Freezing Precipitation Freezing precipitation is freezing rain or freezing drizzle falling through or outside
of visible cloud.
Freezing Rain (FZRA) Rain is precipitation at ground level or aloft in the form of liquid water drops which
have diameters greater than 0.5 mm. Freezing rain is rain that exists at air
temperatures less than 0C (supercooled), remains in liquid form, and freezes upon
contact with objects on the ground or in the air.
Icing in Cloud Icing occurring within visible cloud. Cloud droplets (diameter < 0.05 mm) will be
present; freezing drizzle and/or freezing rain may or may not be present.
Icing in Precipitation Icing occurring from an encounter with freezing precipitation, that is, supercooled
drops with diameters exceeding 0.05 mm, within or outside of visible cloud.
Known Icing Conditions Atmospheric conditions in which the formation of ice is observed or detected in
flight.
Note−
Because of the variability in space and time of atmospheric conditions, the existence
of a report of observed icing does not assure the presence or intensity of icing
conditions at a later time, nor can a report of no icing assure the absence of icing
conditions at a later time.
Potential Icing Conditions Atmospheric icing conditions that are typically defined by airframe manufacturers
relative to temperature and visible moisture that may result in aircraft ice accretion
on the ground or in flight. The potential icing conditions are typically defined in the
Airplane Flight Manual or in the Airplane Operation Manual.
Supercooled Drizzle Drops
(SCDD)
Synonymous with freezing drizzle aloft.
Supercooled Drops or /Droplets Water drops/droplets which remain unfrozen at temperatures below 0 C.
Supercooled drops are found in clouds, freezing drizzle, and freezing rain in the
atmosphere. These drops may impinge and freeze after contact on aircraft surfaces.
Supercooled Large Drops (SLD) Liquid droplets with diameters greater than 0.05 mm at temperatures less than
0C, i.e., freezing rain or freezing drizzle.
AIM 2/17/05
7−1−44 Meteorology
7−1−24. PIREPs Relating to Turbulence
a. When encountering turbulence, pilots are
urgently requested to report such conditions to ATC
as soon as practicable. PIREPs relating to turbulence
should state:
1. Aircraft location.
2. Time of occurrence in UTC.
3. Turbulence intensity.
4. Whether the turbulence occurred in or
near clouds.
5. Aircraft altitude or flight level.
6. Type of aircraft.
7. Duration of turbulence.
EXAMPLE−
1. Over Omaha, 1232Z, moderate turbulence in clouds at
Flight Level three one zero, Boeing 707.
2. From five zero miles south of Albuquerque to three zero
miles north of Phoenix, 1250Z, occasional moderate chop
at Flight Level three three zero, DC8.
b. Duration and classification of intensity should
be made using TBL 7−1−9.
TBL 7−1−9
Turbulence Reporting Criteria Table
Intensity Aircraft Reaction Reaction Inside Aircraft Reporting Term−Definition
Light Turbulence that momentarily causes
slight, erratic changes in altitude and/or
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