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activities. There are mechanisms that control action. There are mechanisms that interpret, plan,
and choose actions. An executive monitor exists to control these processes. A conscious module
exists. In the framework, the human relates to the world through the senses and acts through the
motor apparatus. Skill loops are shorter and presumably faster whereas knowledge loops may
pass through all categories of the modules. Influences on human behavior may increase the
effectiveness of certain modules.
Drury, C. G., & Brill, M. (1983). Human factors in consumer product accident
investigation. Human Factors, 25(3), 329-342.
The role of accident investigation in product-liability cases is discussed. A job aid is developed
using task analysis as a basis which is intended to obtain better human factors data.
Characteristic accident patterns were found among the data and these were labeled hazard
patterns or scenarios. It is stressed that etiological data is more important to obtain than
epidemiological data. Hazard patterns are developed and discussed. The intention of hazard
patterns is to create a way to predict the behavior of a product just by looking at its
characteristics. Hazard patterns are considered useful if at least six scenarios can account for
90% or more of the in-depth investigations, each scenario leads to at least one usable
intervention strategy that works for that pattern, each scenario is mutually exclusive from all the
others, and each scenario has human factors as a parameter in its description. A generic hazard
pattern is assigned to the remaining small percentage of scenarios that are not product specific.
Hazard patterns are broken down into four parts that correspond to the task, the operator, the
machine, and the environment.
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Edwards, M. (1981). The design of an accident investigation procedure. Applied
Ergonomics, 12(2), 111-115.
The author points out that ergonomics has come under attack because models of application are
inappropriate and partly because ergonomists tend to be laboratory-centered rather than problemcentered.
The SHEL system is reviewed and suggested as a good solution to the problems
mentioned. The basis of the SHEL system is the premise that what people do in a work situation
is determined not only by their capabilities and limitations but also by the machines they work
with, the rules and procedures governing their activities and the total environment within which
the activity takes place. The model states that Hardware, Software, and Liveware (human
elements) all are system resources that interact together and with their Environment. Accidents
are described as symptomatic of a failure in the system. In order for the SHEL system to be
adopted, a change in orientation is needed so that accidents will not be regarded as isolated
events of a relatively arbitrary nature, due mostly to carelessness.
Embrey, D. E., Humphreys, P., Rosa, E. A., Kirwan, B., & Rea, K. (1984). SLIM-MAUD:
An approach to assessing human error probabilities using structured expert judgment
(NUREG/CR-3518). Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Procedures and analyses are performed to develop an approach for structuring expert judgments
to estimate human error probabilities. The approach is called SLIM-MAUD (success likelihood
index methodology, implemented through the use of an interactive computer program called
MAUD-multi attribute utility decomposition). The approach was shown to be viable in the
evaluation of human reliability.
Feggetter, A. J. (1982). A method for investigating human factor aspects of aircraft
accidents and incidents. Ergonomics, 25(11), 1065-1075.
This paper describes a comprehensive procedure for determining the human behaviour that
occurs in aircraft accidents and incidents. A recommendation is made to use interviews and
check lists in order to assess behavioral data that is involved with accidents and incidents. It is
stressed that a trained human factors specialist should interview the personnel involved in these
accidents and incidents as soon as possible. The author goes on to describe a checklist for
accident and incident investigation that has been developed. It is based on a systems approach to
understanding human error. The framework for the check list proposed considers three systems.
These three systems are the cognitive system, the social system and the situational system.
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Ferry, T. S. (1988). Modern accident investigation and analysis (2nd ed.), New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
The book takes a thorough, detailed look at modern accident investigation and analysis. Its
purpose is to give an investigator the necessary basics to perform an investigation. It is pointed
out that a much more detailed version would be needed to truly train an expert in accident
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