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Aviation Psychology Laboratory.
An analysis of accidents was run which provided a classification of ATC errors based on a
human information processing model. The errors can be further explained in terms of inherent
human limitations such as working memory capacity and duration limits. The authors conclude
that it is advisable to develop a set of systematic design strategies which consider the propensity
of human beings to make errors and to try and mitigate the adverse consequences of such errors.
McRuer, D. (1973). Development of pilot-in-the-loop analysis. AIAA Guidance and Control
Conference (pp. 515-524). Stanford, CA.
A pilots’ dynamic characteristics when operating as a controller are affected by several physical,
psychological, physiological, and experimental variables which are contained in four categories.
These are task variables, environmental variables, procedural variables, and pilot-centered
variables. Pilot-in-the-loop analysis is discussed. It is argued that pilot-in-the-loop analysis is
dependant on four different aspects of research. The first aspect is experimental determination of
human pilot dynamic characteristics for a wide variety of situations and conditions. The second
aspect is evolution of mathematical models and manipulative rules. The third aspect is
relationships between the pilot-vehicle situation and the objective and subjective pilot
assessments. The fourth and final aspect is combination of pilot dynamics and equivalent aircraft
mathematical models to treat particular problems. Two fundamental concepts of pilot-in-the-loop
analysis are guidance and control along with the pilot sets-up and closes the loop.
MEDA Maintenance Error Decision Aid. (1998). (NASA Aviation Data Sources Resource
Notebook).
The purpose of MEDA is to give maintenance organizations a better understanding of how
human performance issues contribute to error. This occurs by providing line-level maintenance
personnel with a standardized methodology to analyze maintenance errors. MEDA provides two
levels of analysis. At one level, local factors are analyzed. At another level, organizational
factors are analyzed. MEDA has many benefits. It uses a human-centered approach to
maintenance error event analysis. The local factors analysis gives maintenance ownership of
individual event analysis. MEDA uses standardized definitions and data collection processes that
are consistent across and within airlines. Data is obtained that allows for organizational trend
analysis. The maintenance investigator gains an increased awareness of human performance
investigation techniques. And a final benefit is MEDA is that a process is provided that improves
the effectiveness of corrective actions chosen.
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Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our
capacity for processing information. The Psychological Review, 63(2), 81-97.
The amount of information that a human can process in immediate memory is examined.
Important in regards to human error is Miller’s testing of absolute judgments of single and multidimensional
stimuli. Absolute judgment is limited by the amount of information according to
Miller. Miller also states that immediate memory is limited by the number of items to be
remembered.
Nagel, D. C. (1988). Human error in aviation operations. In E. L. Wiener & D. C. Nagel
(Eds.), Human factors in aviation (pp. 263-303). New York: Academic Press, Inc.
Nagel argues that an error model needs to meet three criteria. It needs to explain in detail why a
human error occurs so that a solution strategy can be developed. It needs to be predictive and not
just descriptive. It also needs to not ignore systematic research in the field of behavioral and life
sciences. A three stage simple error model called the information-decision-action model is
presented to illustrate the previously named criteria. The first stage of the model is the
acquisition, exchange and processing of information. Stage two is where decisions are made and
specific intents or plans to act are determined. Stage three is where decisions are implemented
and intents acted upon. Nagel points out three approaches that reduce the occurrence and severity
of human error in complex human-machine systems. One approach is to design controls,
displays, operational procedures and the like in a careful and informed way. A second approach
is to reduce errors through selection and training. A third approach is to design systems to be
error-tolerant.
NASA ASRS-Aviation Safety Reporting System Database (1998). (source NASA Data
Sources Resource Notebook).
The Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) is an incident database that collects, analyzes,
and responds to voluntarily submitted aviation safety incident reports. Valuable human factors
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